Reported piezoelectric coefficients from various biological materials from amino acid crystals and single proteins to tissues and virus.

Direction	Source	Piezoelectric coefficient	Measurement techniques
Longitudinal d11	γ-Glycine single crystal121	1.7 pm V−1	Piezometer
Longitudinal d22		−1.1 pm V−1
Longitudinal d33		9.93 pm V−1
Shear d16	β-Glycine microcrystals121	178 ± 11 pm V−1	Resonance methods
Longitudinal	Tetragonal lysozyme aggregated film109	19.3 pm V−1	PFM
Longitudinal	Tetragonal lysozyme aggregated film115	3.16 pC N−1	Piezometer
Longitudinal	Monoclinic lysozyme aggregated film115	0.94 pC N−1
Longitudinal d31	Rat tail collagen140	−4.84 ± 2.96 pm V−1	PFM
Longitudinal d33		0.89 ± 0.08 pm V−1
Shear d14		−12.00 ± 2.60 pm V−1
Shear d15		6.21 ± 2.93 pm V−1
Shear	Bone collagen141	0.1–0.3 pm V−1	PFM
Longitudinal and shear	Murine lung elastin112	0.1 pm V−1	PFM
Longitudinal	Human teeth enamel142	0.30 ± 0.04 pC N−1	PFM
Longitudinal	Human teeth dentine142	0.51 ± 0.05 pC N−1	PFM
Unspecified	Human eyes143	23 pC N−1	Rheolograph solid
Longitudinal d33	Wild type M13 bacteriophage monolayer144	0.30 ± 0.03 pm V−1	PFM
Longitudinal d33	4E engineered M13 phage monolayer144	0.70 ± 0.05 pm V−1	PFM
Longitudinal d33	Lateral aligned M13 phage film144	7.8 pm V−1	PFM
Longitudinal d33	Vertically aligned M13 phage film145	10.4 ± 0.5 pm V−1	Quasi-static
Longitudinal d33	Vertically aligned M13 phage film146	13.2 pm V−1	PFM