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| Method | Linear range (U ml−1) | Detection limit (U ml−1) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Up-conversion fluorescence biosensor | 5–100 | 120 | 48 |
| Electrochemiluminescence based optical biosensing | 0.001–5 | 0.64 | 49 |
| Surface plasmon resonance based optical biosensing | 1.0–80 | 0.64 | 50 |
| Colorimetric based optical biosensing | 0.1–100 | 0.71 | 51 |
| Carbon quantum dots as optical biosensor | 0.01–128 | 0.60 | This work |
