The important experiments of antidiabetic activities of different extract/isolate from different parts of S. dulcis^a.

Extract/isolate	Plant parts	In vitro/in vivo	Method	Effects	Control used	Ref.
H2O	Whole plant	In vivo	Blood glucose and plasma insulin determination	The 200 mg kg−1 b.w. extract exhibited significant activity in decreasing the fasting blood glucose level to 98 ± 3 mg dL−1 compared to the glibenclamide of 114 ± 9 mg dL−1. The plasma insulin level was increased to about 11 μU mL−1 when treated with the extract as compared to glibenclamide of 9 μU mL−1	600 μg kg−1 glibenclamide (PC), STZ induced diabetic rats (NC), and normal group	92
EtOH	Whole plant	In vivo	Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats	Scoparic acid D administered to STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats showed significant plasma insulin increasing activity at the dose of 20 mg kg−1 SAD	Compared with the normal group	93
MeOH	Whole plant	In vitro	Islet isolation, MIN-6 cell culture and insulin secretion assay	Coixol showed a significant insulin secretory activity (230.35 ± 11.12%) at the dosage of 200 μM, which was more than tolbutamide (212.01 ± 16.76%)	16.7 mM glucose, tolbutamide (PC)	58
H2O	Whole plant	In vivo	Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats	Exhibited significant antihyperglycemic effect (p < 0.01). At first glucose was administered orally and then SPEt was treated. After 120 min, the blood glucose level of rats was close to normal (98.8 ± 5.7 mg dL−1) with a dosage of 200 mg kg−1 SPEt	Diabetic control (NC) and normal group	51
H2O	Whole plant	In vitro	Islet isolation and incubation	Islets incubated with 10 μg mL−1 of SPEt increased insulin secretion to 7 μIU mL−1 compared with about 4 μIU mL−1 of PC and 1 μIU mL−1 of NC	16.7 mM glucose (PC), and 5 mM STZ (NC)	51 and 54
H2O	Whole plant	In vivo	Oral glucose tolerance test	All groups were treated with 2 g kg−1 mL−1 glucose in advance. Normal groups treated with SPEt showed almost the same blood glucose level compared to untreated groups after 120 min. Diabetic groups treated with 200 mg kg−1 SPEt showed significant antihyperglycemic effect (98.96 ± 5.70 mg dL−1) compared to the control groups (326.91 ± 4.40 mg dL−1) and 600 μg kg−1 glibenclamide (117.70 ± 6.76 mg dL−1)	Glibenclamide (PC), normal and diabetic control groups	55

^aPC, positive control; NC, negative control; b.w., body weight; SPEt, S. dulcis plant water extract.