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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 26.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Nutr. 2020 Jun 19;40:105–133. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-122319-034601

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic of the effects of primary and secondary aging on life span. The rate of decline in physiological functions is associated with mammalian life span. The penultimate rate of aging, whereby health span is prolonged and the majority of life is lived free of disease and with optimal physical and cognitive function, leads to above-average life span. An increase in the rate of decline of physiological function, due to the primary causes of aging and with the influence of secondary causes, leads to a shorter life.