Symmetries, differences, and unknowns in normal aging versus aging with calorie restriction (CR). (a) Aging in a hypercaloric environment presents many physiological stressors, resulting in unhealthy aging. (b) While aging with CR shares some similarities with aging in a hypercaloric environment, how these changes affect healthy aging (i.e., cognition, cardiometabolic diseases, and physical functioning) in elderly populations is unknown. Abbreviation: CVD, cardiovascular disease.