Fig. 9. Baffled high-intensity agitation (BHIA) cell used by Wu et al. to generate bulk nanobubbles. After introducing the solution into a baffled cell, the rotating impeller connected to a high-speed agitator creates hydrodynamic cavitation leading to the generation of bulk nanobubbles. Valves 1 and 2 are used to take samples for the characterization of the generated bulk nanobubbles. The thumbscrews are placed to tightly seal the cap cell to the cell body.¹¹⁸.