Video 3. Low-frequency (6 Hz) stimulation of AHN carries negative valence and induces conditioned avoidance.

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AHN-ChR2 animals run away from the light-paired chamber when photostimulation is delivered real time. Twenty-four hr later, the same animals remember the negative valence of the light-paired chamber and avoid and escape from the same chamber and remain in the light-off chamber. AHN-GFP animals display no aversion to light-paired chamber real time and 24 hr later.