Table 4.

Ratio of associations between risk factors and cardiovascular disease among South Asian and Black participants relative to White

	South Asian		Black
	HR ratio (95% CI)	P	HR ratio (95% CI)	P
Deprivation indexa	0.95 (0.89, 1.00)	0.13	0.98 (0.91, 1.06)	0.69
Physical activity levelb	0.88 (0.81, 0.97)	0.01	0.90 (0.80, 1.01)	0.07
TV viewingb	0.95 (0.89, 1.01)	0.12	0.93 (0.86, 1.00)	0.12
Dietary intakeb
Fruit and vegetable	1.00 (0.95, 1.05)	0.96	1.08 (1.01, 1.15)	0.06
Red meat	0.98 (0.92, 1.03)	0.41	0.94 (0.88, 1.00)	0.14
Processed meat	0.96 (0.82, 1.14)	1.00	0.96 (0.78, 1.19)	1.00
Low oily fish	1.02 (0.89, 1.17)	1.00	0.88 (0.58, 1.33)	1.00
Smoking statusb
Never	1 (Reference)		1 (Reference)
Former	0.80 (0.67, 0.96)	0.053	1.11 (0.89, 1.39)	0.34
Current	0.62 (0.51, 0.77)	<0.0001	0.76 (0.58, 0.98)	0.07
Alcohol drinkingb	0.96 (0.88, 1.05)	0.36	0.90 (0.80, 1.02)	0.23
Adiposityc
BMI	1.16 (1.08, 1.24)	<0.0001	1.08 (1.00, 1.17)	0.06
Waist-hip ratio	1.08 (1.01, 1.16)	0.07	1.00 (0.90, 1.11)	0.95
Physiological factorsd
Grip strength	1.04 (0.96, 1.12)	0.70	0.98 (0.89, 1.10)	0.77
Systolic blood pressure	0.99 (0.93, 1.07)	1.00	1.01 (0.91, 1.12)	1.00
Serum-based biomarkersd
LDL-c	1.01 (0.94, 1.08)	0.78	0.95 (0.86, 1.06)	0.72
Triglycerides	1.08 (1.02, 1.14)	0.01	1.03 (0.91–1.17)	0.68
HbA1c	1.05 (1.01, 1.09)	0.04	1.03 (0.96, 1.09)	0.42
Cystatin C	1.00 (0.94, 1.06)	0.91	1.13 (1.04, 1.23)	0.01
GGT	1.04 (0.97, 1.10)	0.37	0.94 (0.85, 1.03)	0.37

HR ratios are the interaction terms HR_{South Asian}:HR_White and HR_Black:HR_White

CVD cardiovascular disease, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase

^aModel 1: adjusted for age and sex only

^bModel 2: additionally adjusted for deprivation

^cModel 3: additionally adjusted for lifestyle factors

^dModel 4: additionally adjusted for adiposity markers