Table 1.
Differences of the Learning Effects by Time Point and by Treatment Order of VS and HFS (N = 52)
| Time/Group | Baseline (T0) | After 1st treatment (T1) | After 2nd Treatment (T2) | Crossover effect (T2-T1) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables (possible range) | Group1 (n = 26) | Group2 (n = 26) | z (p) | Group1 (n = 26) | Group2 (n = 26) | z (p) | Group1 (n = 26) | Group2 (n = 26) | Group1 (n = 26) | Group2 (n = 26) | z (p) |
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||||||||
| Problem solving process (25 ~ 125) | 84.5 (17.50) | 78.5 (10.00) | 1.01 (.314) | 92.5 (12.75) | 84.5 (10.00) | 2.76 (.006) | 98.0 (11.25) | 93.0 (10.00) | 5.5 (11.00) | 9.5 (7.25) | -1.30 (.193) |
| Clinical reasoning (15 ~ 75) | 48.0 (9.50) | 48.5 (10.00) | 0.35 (.728) | 56.0 (7.00) | 52.5 (8.25) | 2.16 (.031) | 60.5 (5.50) | 57.0 (4.50) | 5.0 (7.25) | 5.0 (6.50) | 0.00 (1.000) |
| Reflective thinking (16 ~ 64) | NA | NA | NA | 52.0 (7.75) | 56.0 (9.25) | -1.05 (.295) | 60.0 (6.25) | 57.0 (10.00) | 6.0 (5.25) | 1.5 (5.00) | 3.52 (< .001) |
| Satisfaction on practicum (16 ~ 64) | NA | NA | NA | 22.5 (4.25) | 24.0 (5.00) | -2.00 (.842) | 25.0 (2.00) | 23.0 (5.00) | 1.0 (3.00) | 0.0 (1.50) | 1.81 (.070) |
| Self-confidence (8 ~ 40) | NA | NA | NA | 33.0 (5.25) | 33.0 (4.00) | 0.35 (.726) | 37.5 (4.00) | 34.0 (4.25) | 3.0 (6.25) | 0.5 (2.75) | 2.47 (.013) |
VS Virtual simulation, HFS High-fidelity simulation
Group1: VS then HFS, Group2: HFS then VS
IQR Interquartile range