Table 1.

Protein and small molecule inhibitors used in cultured spine treatments

Inhibitor	Catalog number	Inhibition activity	Conc. used	Reference
Noggin	Sigma SRP4675	BMP ligand binding by binding directly to multiple BMP ligands	100 ng·mL−1	82
431542	Sigma S4317	Inhibits Smad 2/3 phosphorylation through kinase activity inhibition of Alk4, Alk5, and Alk7	100 μmol·L−1	83
505124	Sigma S4696	Inhibits Smad2/3 and ERK phosphorylation through kinase activity inhibition of Alk4, Alk5, and Alk7 more potently than 431542	50 μmol·L−1	84
U0126	Sigma U120	Inhibits kinase activity of Mek1 and Mek2, inhibits ERK phosphorylation but not ERK kinase activity	250 μmol·L−1	85
203580	Millipore 559389	Binds to p38 and competes for ATP, inhibiting kinase activity	100 μmol·L−1	86,87