TABLE 1.
The multifaceted functions of tRFs and tiRs.
| Function | tRF type | tRF Examples | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Post-transcriptional gene silencing (via association with RISC) | tRF-5s | several tRF-5s (bind AGO1,3,4) | Kumar et al. (2014) |
| tRF-3s | several tRF-5s (bind AGO1,3,4) | Kumar et al. (2014) | |
| tRF-3 | tRF-3001a,tRF-3003a, tRF-3009a | Kuscu et al. (2018) | |
| tRF-3 | cand14 | Haussecker et al. (2010) | |
| tRF-3 | CU1276 | Maute et al. (2013) | |
| tRF-3 | Bj-tRF001,Bj-tRF002 | Ren et al. (2019) | |
| tRF-5 | Bj-tRF003 | Ren et al. (2019) | |
| tRF-5 | tRF5-GluCTC | Deng et al. (2015) | |
| Role in cell proliferation | tRF-1 | tRF-1001 | Lee et al. (2009) |
| Endogenous retroviral reverse transcriptional silencing | tRF-3 | tRF ETn (18 nt) (MERV) | Schorn et al. (2017) |
| Exogenous retroviral reverse transcriptional silencing | tRF-3 | PBSncRNA (HIV) | Yeung et al. (2009) |
| Exogenous retroviral reverse transcriptional enhancement | tRF-3 | tRF-3019 (HTLV-1) | Ruggero et al. (2014) |
| Endogenous retroviral post-transcriptional silencing | tRF-3 | tRF ETn (22 nt) (MERV) | Schorn et al. (2017) |
| Endogenous retroviral chromatin mediated silencing | tRF-5 | tRF-GlyGCC (MERVL) | Sharma et al. (2018), Boskovic et al. (2020) |
| Nascent RNA silencing | tRF-3 (precursor) | tsRNA SPINT1 | Di Fazio et al. (2022) |
| tRF-5 | tsRNA LINC00665 | Di Fazio et al. (2022) | |
| tRF-5 | tsRNA EGFR/MET | Di Fazio et al. (2022) | |
| i-tRF | tsRNA BCL2 | Di Fazio et al. (2022) | |
| Translational gene silencing | tRF-5 | Val-tRF | Gebetsberger et al. (2012) |
| tRF-5 | tRF(Gln) | Sobala and Hutvagner (2013) | |
| tRF-5 | tRF(Val) | Sobala and Hutvagner (2013) | |
| tRF-5 | tRF(Lys) | Sobala and Hutvagner (2013) | |
| tiRs | stress-induced tiRs | Yamasaki et al. (2009) | |
| tiR-5 | tRNA-Ala | Ivanov et al. (2011) | |
| tiR-5 | tRNA-GlyGCC | Ivanov et al. (2011) | |
| tiR-5 | tRNA-GlyCCC | Ivanov et al. (2011) | |
| tiR-5 | tRNA-Cys | Ivanov et al. (2011) | |
| tiR-3 | tRNA-Pro | Ivanov et al. (2011) | |
| Translational enhancement | tiR-3 | tRNA-ThrAGU (T. brucei) | Fricker et al. (2019) |
| tRF-3 | tRNA-LeuCAG | Kim et al. (2017) | |
| RNA protein binding | i-tRFs | tRNA-Glu,-Asp,-Tyr,-Gly (binds YBX1) | Goodarzi et al. (2015) |
| tRF-3 | tRNA-Glu (binds NCL) | Falconi et al. (2019) | |
| tiRs | 20 ANG-dependent tiRs (binds Cytochrome C) | Saikia et al. (2014) | |
| tRF-1 | tRF_U3_1 (binds SSB/La) | Cho et al. (2019) |