TABLE 4.

Differences in enrichment scores by gene set variation analysis in frequent exacerbators compared to infrequent exacerbators

Pathway	Gene Signature	Signature number	Sputum	Nasal brushings	Bronchial biopsy
Asthma	BAL.eosinophils.WLAC.HS.IVV.UP	53	0.20
Autoimmune	PBMC.MS.HS.IVV.UP	15		0.17
Fibrosis	Lung.biopsy.bleomycin.MM.IVV.D35.UP	76	−0.16
Innate cells	Macrophage.GM_CSF.TNF.PGE2.P3C.HS.IVS.DOWN	94	−0.15
	Macrophage.GM_CSF.LPSc.HS.IVS.DOWN	90	−0.16
	Macrophage.GM_CSF.IFNg.HS.IVS.DOWN	86	−0.16
	Neutrophil.activated.HS.IVS	4		0.24
	Macrophage.GM_CSF.IFNg.HS.IVS.UP	85		0.19
	Macrophage.GM_CSF.TNF.PGE2.P3C.HS.IVS.UP	93		0.15
	Monocyte.activated.HS.IVS	3		0.16
	Macrophage.GM_CSF.IL4.HS.IVS.DOWN	94		0.21
	siLP.ILC3.MM.UP	102			0.17
Steroid effects	LUNG.ASM.DEX.HS.DOWN	98			−0.15
	Lung.biopsy.COPD.FLU.SAL.HS.IVV.DOWN	32			0.19
	Lung.biopsy.COPD.FLU.SAL.HS.IVV.UP	31			−0.26
T cells and cytokines	Th17.activated.HS.IVS.UP.PMID23870669	39	−0.16		−0.18
	Lung.ASM.IL17a.healthy_mild.asthma.HS.IVS.UP	47		0.21
	Lung.Brushings.IL13.IVS.JNJ.HS.UP	99			0.20
Viral inflammation	Lung.biopsy.PolyIC.MM.IVV.72 h.UP	62	−0.18
	Lung.biopsy.PolyIC.MM.IVV.24 h.UP	58		0.21
	Lung.biopsy.PolyIC.MM.IVV.48 h.UP	60		0.23

Note: RED indicates higher enrichment score values in frequent exacerbators, and BLUE indicates lower enrichment score values.