Table 2.
Comparison of Characteristics Between the COPD and Control Group with Chronic Pain
| Variables | COPD Group (n = 58) | Control Group (n = 33) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, male (%) | 44 (76) | 10 (30) | 0.000 |
| Age (years) | 79 ± 9 | 80 ± 8 | 0.219 |
| Height (cm) | 156.6 ± 0.1 | 153.4 ± 0.1 | 0.186 |
| Weight (kg) | 50.8 ± 12.5 | 53.6 ± 11.8 | 0.041 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.3 ± 3.8 | 22.7 ± 3.1 | 0.004 |
| Number of pain locations (n) | 3.3 ± 2.5 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.000 |
| Pain intensity | 4.1 ± 2.0 | 4.5 ± 1.9 | 0.679 |
| Spirometry | |||
| FVC (L) | 1.95 ± 0.81 | – | – |
| FVC %pred (%) | 71 ± 22 | – | – |
| FEV1 (L) | 1.06 ± 0.63 | – | – |
| FEV1%pred (%) | 49 ± 23 | – | – |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 53 ± 20 | – | – |
| GOLD Grade I/II/III/IV (n) | 10/17/18/13 | – | – |
| mMRC dyspnea scale | |||
| 0/1/2/3/4 (n) | 3/16/11/14/14 | – | |
| LTOT (%) | 35 (60) | – | – |
| PCS-J | |||
| Rumination | 9.5 ± 5.2 | 6.3 ± 5.6 | 0.087 |
| Helplessness | 6.3 ± 4.6 | 2.6 ± 3.3 | 0.006 |
| Magnification | 4.0 ± 3.7 | 1.6 ± 1.9 | 0.018 |
| Total | 19.5 ± 12.5 | 10.4 ± 9.9 | 0.019 |
| ≥30 (%) | 16 (28) | 3 (9) | 0.025 |
| TSK-J | 37.8 ± 6.2 | 34.0 ± 5.8 | 0.033 |
| ≥37 (%) | 39 (67) | 14 (42) | 0.028 |
| HADS | |||
| Anxiety | 5.5 ± 4.4 | 3.8 ± 3.3 | 0.112 |
| ≥8 (%) | 17 (29) | 6 (18) | 0.041 |
| Depression | 9.6 ± 4.5 | 4.7 ± 2.9 | 0.219 |
| ≥8 (%) | 25 (43) | 7 (21) | 0.008 |
| Physical activity (steps/day) | 1965 ± 1028 | 3813 ± 1804 | 0.012 |
| Sleep duration (hours/day) | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 7.1 ± 1.8 | 0.953 |
Note: Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (%).
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; LTOT, long-term oxygen therapy; PCS-J, the Japanese version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale; TSK-J, the Japanese version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.