Table 3.
Clinical Impact of Pain in Participants with COPD
| Variables | Pain (n = 58) | No Pain (n = 10) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, male (%) | 44 (76) | 8 (80) | 0.672 |
| Age (years) | 77 ± 9 | 78 ± 12 | 0.746 |
| Height (cm) | 157.8 ± 0.1 | 158.5 ± 0.1 | 0.744 |
| Weight (kg) | 50.8 ± 12.5 | 53.9 ± 11.1 | 0.931 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.3 ± 3.8 | 21.1 ± 2.6 | 0.493 |
| Spirometry | |||
| FVC (L) | 1.95 ± 0.81 | 2.33 ± 0.99 | 0.302 |
| FVC %pred (%) | 71 ± 22 | 78 ± 25 | 0.101 |
| FEV1 (L) | 1.06 ± 0.63 | 1.40 ± 0.57 | 0.198 |
| FEV1%pred (%) | 49 ± 23 | 60 ± 17 | 0.141 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 54 ± 20 | 63 ± 15 | 0.171 |
| GOLD Grade I/II/III/IV (n) | 10/17/18/13 | 1/6/3/1 | 0.007 |
| mMRC dyspnea scale | |||
| 0/1/2/3/4 (n) | 3/16/11/14/14 | 5/1/3/1/0 | 0.001 |
| LTOT (%) | 35 (60) | 4 (40) | 0.032 |
| NRADL (points) | |||
| Movement speed | 17.9 ± 6.8 | 20.1 ± 8.3 | 0.027 |
| Dyspnea | 21.9 ± 7.3 | 24.5 ± 4.1 | 0.074 |
| Supplemental oxygen | 20.3 ± 5.3 | 26.5 ± 3.3 | 0.163 |
| Total | 70.0 ± 25.0 | 84.9 ± 9.1 | 0.016 |
| 6MWD (m) | 333 ± 130 | 393 ± 168 | 0.011 |
| Physical activity (steps/day) | 1965 ± 1028 | 2813 ± 915 | 0.008 |
| HADS | |||
| Anxiety | 5.5 ± 4.4 | 4.9 ± 4.4 | 0.584 |
| ≥8 (%) | 17 (29) | 4 (40) | 0.109 |
| Depression | 9.6 ± 4.5 | 6.4 ± 5.2 | 0.654 |
| ≥8 (%) | 25 (43) | 4 (40) | 0.763 |
| Sleep duration (hours/day) | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 6.8 ± 0.9 | 0.484 |
Note: Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (%).
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; LTOT, long-term oxygen therapy; NRADL, Nagasaki University Respiratory Activities of Daily Living questionnaire; 6MWD, 6-min walk distance; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.