| Uscharin and its derivatives |
Lung cancer (A549) |
MTT colorimetric assay, intraperitoneal (ip) injection-related toxicity |
Na+/K+-ATPase inhibition activity |
Cardenolides derived from 2′′-oxovoruscharin exhibited significant in vitro antitumor activity and high in vivo tolerance |
62
|
| 2′′-Oxovoruscharin and its derivatives |
Two glioblastoma (Hs683, U373) and two colon cancer (HCT-15 and LoVo) |
| Laticifer proteins (LP) recovered from latex |
HL60 (promoyelocytic leukemia), HCT-8 (colon), MDA-MB-435(breast), SF-295(brain) |
3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide MTT |
LP is a target for DNA topoisomerase I triggering apoptosis in cancer cell lines |
IC50 values for LP ranged from 0.42 to 1.36 μg mL−1 to SF-295, MDA-MB-435 respectively |
135
|
| Root: methanolic, aqueous, ethyl acetate, hexane extracts (1, 5, 10, 25 μg mL−1) |
Human Hep 2 |
Tetrazolium bromide (MTT), colorimetry |
Treatment initiated apoptotic mechanism by blocking the cell cycle at S-phase and thus preventing cells from entering proliferative (G2/M) phase |
Ethyl acetate extract showed strongest cytotoxic effect |
136
|
| Plant: methanolic extract (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg mL−1) |
Human skin melanoma cells (SK-MEL-2) |
Annexin-V FITC flow cytometry method, MTS assay |
Methanolic extract induced apoptosis as shown by the accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase and the decrease of cell percentage in the G0/G1 phase |
At 40 μg mL−1 late apoptotic cell percentage was increased up to 80%. C. procera exerted cytotoxic potential |
137
|
| 5-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone-4-O-β-glucopyranoside; uzarigenin; β-anhydroepidigitoxigenin; 2β,19-epoxy-3β,14β-dihydroxy-19-methoxy-5α-card-20(22)-enolide; β-anhydroepidigitoxigenin-3β-O-glucopyranoside |
HT 29, HepG2 (human cancer cell lines), NIH-3T3 (mouse fibroblast cell line) |
CellTiter-Blue® cell viability assay |
— |
Uzarigenin showed moderate cytotoxicity |
138
|
| Calotroprocerol A; calotroproceryl acetate A; calotroprocerone A, B; pseudo-taraxasterol acetate; taraxasterol; calotropursenyl acetate B; stigmasterol; (E)-octadec-7-enoic acid |
A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the U373 glioblastoma (GBM) and the PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines |
3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay |
Growth inhibition action |
Calotroprocerol A exhibited in vitro growth inhibitory activity in all the three cancer cell lines with effects comparable to those of cisplatin and carboplatin |
139
|
| Calotroposide H; calotroposide I; calotroposide J; calotroposide K; Calotroposide L; calotroposide M; calotroposide N |
A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), U373 glioblastoma (GBM), and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines |
MTT colorimetric assay |
Calotroposide K and M exhibited subnanomolar growth inhibition activity with IC50 ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 μM against U373 glioblastoma (GBM) and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines |
C. procera exhibited cytotoxic potential |
153
|
| Calotroposide S |
PC-3 prostate cancer, A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and U373 glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines |
MTT colorimetric assay |
Calotroposide S showed potent anti proliferative activity |
C. procera exerted anti-proliferative activity |
154
|
| Latex: hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous extract. Calactin; 15β-hydroxy calactin; afroside; uscharin; 15β-hydroxy uscharin; calotoxin; 12β-hydroxycoroglaucigenin; afrogenin; calactoprocin; procegenin A; procegenin B |
A549 (lung) and hela (cervix) cancer cell lines using cisplatin as a positive control |
MTT colorimetric assay |
Growth inhibition action |
Highest cytotoxic activity was displayed by chloroform extract. Amongst isolated compounds, calactin displayed highest cytotoxic activity |
65
|
| Root: alcoholic, hydro-aqueous and aqueous extracts(10 μg mL−1, 30 μg mL−1, 100 μg mL−1) |
Human oral (KB) and central nervous system (SNB-78) cancer cell lines |
Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay |
Alcoholic extract showed significant growth inhibition action |
C. procera roots exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against oral and CNS human cancer cell lines |
140
|
