Fig. 1.

The timing of COVID-19 in four stages, pre-disease (Stage 0), viral infection and amplification in the respiratory tract (Stage 1), viral expansion to other organs and initiation of immune response (Stage 2), and, in more severe cases, excessive inflammation in response to viral infection (Stage 3). A Prophylactic antibodies are provided at Stage 0 to protect the uninfected or recently exposed from being infected, similar to how a vaccine would work; B antiviral antibody therapy is provided as soon as possible after infections and/or symptoms appear to thwart the viral expansion phase; and C palliative care antibodies are those given in Stage 2 or Stage 3 to reduce the out-of-control immune response to the virus. This figure was modified and redrawn from Patel et al. [30]