TABLE 1.

MarkVCID candidate neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia

Candidate biomarkers
Neuroimaging	A risk score for arteriolosclerosis based on multimodal MRI and demographic characteristics (ARTS) Cerebrovascular reactivity White matter hyperintensities volume White matter hyperintensities progression/regression Peak skeletonized mean diffusivity Mean white matter free water fraction Optical coherence tomography angiography retinal vessel skeleton density
Fluid	Plasma endothelial signaling—VEGF‐D, PlGF, and bFGF Plasma exosome endothelial inflammation—C3b and Bb (activated complement factors) Plasma NfL Cerebrospinal fluid PlGF

Abbreviations: bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NfL, neurofilament light; PIGF, placental growth factor; VEGF‐D, vascular endothelial growth factor.