Table 2.
Overview of plasma measurements in the clinical study
| LEAP2 | Placebo (saline) | p value (paired t test) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose | |||
| Baseline (mmol/L) | 5.02 ± 0.06 | 5.01 ± 0.07 | 0.900 |
| Peak (mmol/L) | 6.21 ± 0.12 | 6.58 ± 0.13 | 0.005 |
| Time to peak (min) | 140 ± 12.7 | 137 ± 10.7 | 0.808 |
| Postprandial baseline (mmol/L) | 4.96 ± 0.05 | 5.10 ± 0.08 | 0.077 |
| Postprandial end (mmol/L) | 4.48 ± 0.11 | 4.75 ± 0.12 | 0.056 |
| AUC (mmol/L × min) | 1,288 ± 13.4 | 1,336 ± 18.5 | 0.013 |
| –60 min (mmol/L × min) | 295 ± 3.02 | 300 ± 3.67 | 0.198 |
| AUC60–255 min (mmol/L × min) | 992 ± 12.4 | 1,037 ± 16.9 | 0.017 |
| Insulin | |||
| Baseline (pmol/L) | 36.4 ± 1.70 | 36.3 ± 2.08 | 0.984 |
| Peak (pmol/L) | 347 ± 38.6 | 356 ± 35.4 | 0.734 |
| Time to peak (min) | 110 ± 6.28 | 120 ± 9.23 | 0.433 |
| Postprandial baseline (pmol/L) | 38.6 ± 2.09 | 31.1 ± 2.08 | 0.017 |
| AUC (nmol/L × min) | 33.8 ± 2.63 | 33.3 ± 2.34 | 0.775 |
| AUC0–60 min (nmol/L × min) | 2.39 ± 0.09 | 1.92 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
| AUC60–255 min (nmol/L × min) | 31.5 ± 2.60 | 31.4 ± 2.28 | 0.985 |
| C-peptide | |||
| Baseline (pmol/L) | 360 ± 21.4 | 350 ± 15.8 | 0.673 |
| Peak (pmol/L) | 1,524 ± 106 | 1,647 ± 125 | 0.317 |
| Time to peak (min) | 136 ± 9.01 | 160 ± 11.2 | 0.028 |
| Postprandial baseline (pmol/L) | 365 ± 20.2 | 313 ± 15.9 | 0.010 |
| AUC (nmol/L × min) | 218 ± 11.7 | 222 ± 11.5 | 0.697 |
| AUC0–60 min (nmol/L × min) | 22.5 ± 1.18 | 19.7 ± 1.00 | 0.018 |
| AUC60–255 min (nmol/L × min) | 196 ± 11.2 | 202 ± 10.9 | 0.490 |
| C-peptide/glucose ratio | |||
| Baseline (pmol/mmol) | 71.4 ± 3.93 | 69.8 ± 2.82 | 0.675 |
| Peak (pmol/mmol) | 269 ± 17.9 | 268 ± 17.6 | 0.959 |
| Time to peak (min) | 140 ± 9.24 | 153 ± 10.3 | 0.179 |
| Postprandial baseline (pmol/mmol) | 73.6 ± 4.03 | 61.4 ± 3.03 | 0.002 |
| AUC (nmol/mmol × min) | 41.4 ± 2.34 | 40.8 ± 1.89 | 0.705 |
| AUC0–60 min (nmol/mmol × min) | 4.57 ± 0.23 | 3.92 ± 0.18 | 0.003 |
| AUC60–255 min (nmol/mmol × min) | 36.8 ± 2.23 | 36.8 ± 1.78 | 1.000 |
| Glucagon | |||
| Baseline (pmol/L) | 6.57 ± 0.76 | 7.23 ± 0.68 | 0.237 |
| Peak (pmol/L) | 13.0 ± 0.94 | 11.2 ± 0.72 | 0.003 |
| Time to peak (min) | 116 ± 12.5 | 117 ± 17.1 | 0.926 |
| Postprandial baseline (pmol/L) | 7.35 ± 0.82 | 5.35 ± 0.67 | 0.005 |
| AUC (nmol/L × min) | 2.26 ± 0.20 | 1.74 ± 0.14 | <0.001 |
| AUC0–60 min (nmol/L × min) | 0.446 ± 0.044 | 0.375 ± 0.035 | 0.038 |
| AUC60–255 min (nmol/L × min) | 1.82 ± 0.17 | 1.36 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
| Free fatty acids | |||
| Baseline (μmol/L) | 339 ± 18.4 | 361 ± 20.9 | 0.419 |
| Nadir (μmol/L) | 58.4 ± 3.94 | 57.7 ± 3.70 | 0.860 |
| Time to nadir (min) | 155 ± 7.63 | 168 ± 11.1 | 0.317 |
| Postprandial baseline (μmol/L) | 272 ± 16.4 | 360 ± 28.0 | 0.013 |
| AUC (mmol/L × min) | 43.2 ± 2.49 | 48.1 ± 2.74 | 0.171 |
| AUC0–60 min (mmol/L × min) | 18.9 ± 1.18 | 20.9 ± 1.43 | 0.258 |
| AUC60–255 min (mmol/L × min) | 24.4 ± 1.51 | 27.2 ± 1.54 | 0.150 |
| Glycerol | |||
| Baseline (μmol/L) | 26.6 ± 2.45 | 28.4 ± 3.12 | 0.379 |
| Nadir (μmol/L) | 11.7 ± 2.12 | 12.1 ± 2.44 | 0.761 |
| Time to nadir (min) | 144 ± 10.2 | 164 ± 11.8 | 0.201 |
| Postprandial baseline (μmol/L) | 22.9 ± 2.12 | 31.4 ± 3.65 | 0.007 |
| AUC (mmol/L × min) | 4.87 ± 0.57 | 5.49 ± 0.70 | 0.080 |
| AUC0–60 min (mmol/L × min) | 1.65 ± 0.15 | 1.95 ± 0.19 | 0.039 |
| AUC60–255 min (mmol/L × min) | 3.22 ± 0.44 | 3.54 ± 0.54 | 0.211 |
| Triglycerides | |||
| Baseline (μmol/L) | 920 ± 62.2 | 953 ± 70.4 | 0.539 |
| Peak (μmol/L) | 1,275 ± 84.8 | 1,353 ± 113 | 0.279 |
| Time to peak (min) | 195 ± 5.33 | 192 ± 6.85 | 0.725 |
| Postprandial baseline (μmol/L) | 847 ± 48.3 | 916 ± 73.2 | 0.159 |
| AUC (mmol/L × min) | 263 ± 16.7 | 279 ± 22.1 | 0.251 |
| AUC0–60 min (mmol/L × min) | 53.5 ± 3.14 | 56.8 ± 4.41 | 0.284 |
| AUC60–255 min (mmol/L × min) | 210 ± 13.8 | 222 ± 17.9 | 0.258 |
| Growth hormone | |||
| Baseline (ng/mL) | 0.594 ± 0.300 | 0.299 ± 0.106 | 0.372 |
| Nadir (ng/mL) | 0.042 ± 0.004 | 0.084 ± 0.012 | 0.001 |
| Time to nadir (min) | 116 ± 17.2 | 128 ± 13.9 | 0.592 |
| Postprandial baseline (ng/mL) | 0.121 ± 0.048 | 0.432 ± 0.133 | 0.014 |
| AUC (ng/mL × min) | 33.8 ± 11.8 | 106 ± 18.3 | 0.001 |
| AUC0–60 min (ng/mL × min) | 20.2 ± 9.76 | 32.0 ± 9.57 | 0.312 |
| AUC60–255 min (ng/mL × min) | 13.6 ± 2.32 | 73.7 ± 14.5 | <0.001 |
| Acyl ghrelin | |||
| Baseline (ng/mL) | 0.155 ± 0.011 | 0.158 ± 0.010 | 0.730 |
| Nadir (ng/mL) | 0.088 ± 0.006 | 0.084 ± 0.004 | 0.343 |
| Postprandial baseline (ng/mL) | 0.161 ± 0.012 | 0.172 ± 0.013 | 0.264 |
| AUC (ng/mL × min) | 31.2 ± 1.94 | 31.7 ± 1.96 | 0.634 |
| AUC0–60 min (ng/mL × min) | 9.50 ± 0.67 | 9.90 ± 0.65 | 0.387 |
| AUC60–255 min (ng/mL × min) | 21.7 ± 1.33 | 21.8 ± 1.34 | 0.875 |
| Acetaminophen | |||
| Peak (μmol/L) | 65.1 ± 2.52 | 66.3 ± 2.75 | 0.548 |
| Time to peak (min) | 209 ± 6.34 | 215 ± 7.93 | 0.297 |
Data are presented as mean ± SEM. AUC, area under the curve; LEAP2, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2.