Figure 3.

Effects of GLP-1, E2, and GLP1-E2 on phosphoproteins in human islets

Human islets (N = 3 donors) were treated with GLP-1, E2, or GLP1-E2 for 5 min, 30 min, and 18 h, compared to control untreated islets, and studied by RPPA.

(A) Bioinformatic analysis of phosphoproteins pathways at 5 min into the treatment using Integrated Pathway Analysis. The heatmap shows square size as a quantitative measure of –log(p value) and color intensity as a quantitative measure of Z score. Predicted activated or inhibited pathways are labeled in white font.

(B) Heatmap of individual phosphoproteins. Normalized values from the three individual donors were averaged to generate an average Z score and map proteins in the heatmap. ∗p < 0.05 (t test) and #p < 0.05 (Fisher’s LSD test) compared to control.