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Summary of GLP1-E2 mechanism of action in β-cells
(1) GLP1-E2 binds GLP-1R on β cells and activates GLP-1 signaling. (2) GLP1-E2 enters β cells through clathrin-dependent, GLP1R-mediated internalization. (3) E2 is released from GLP-1 after lysosomal acidification, allowing E2 to activate nuclear and membrane-associated ERα, which promotes ERα signaling.
