Table 1. Distribution of Sociodemographic and Cardiometabolic Variables by Carotid Atherosclerosis and Microalbuminuria.
| Variable | Carotid atherosclerosis | SUA | uACR | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants with reference range CIMT (n = 8611), No. (%) | Participants with high CIMT (n = 262), No. (%)a | P value | Participants with reference range SUA (n = 2549), No. (%) | Participants with high SUA (n = 1117), No. (%)b | P value | Participants with reference range uACR (n = 2797), No. (%) | Participants with high uACR (n = 707), No. (%)c | P value | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 50 (6) | 55 (5) | <.001 | 50 (6) | 51 (6) | .007 | 50 (6) | 51 (6) | <.001 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Women | 4350 (50.5) | 117 (44.6) | .02 | 1370 (53.8) | 536 (48.0) | .01 | 1442 (51.6) | 361 (51.1) | .81 |
| Men | 4261 (49.5) | 145 (55.4) | 1179 (46.3) | 581 (52.0) | 1355 (48.4) | 346 (48.9) | |||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24.1 (6.1) | 24.3 (6.2) | .62 | 24.8 (6.0) | 24.8 (6.1) | .95 | 24.8 (6.4) | 25.1 (6.7) | .24 |
| Household SES | |||||||||
| Quartile 1, poorest | 1185 (13.8) | 32 (12.2) | .47 | 368 (14.5) | 130 (11.6) | .18 | 394 (14.1) | 84 (11.9) | .52 |
| Quartile 2, poorer | 1695 (19.7) | 53 (20.2) | 531 (20.9) | 255 (22.8) | 590 (21.1) | 154 (21.8) | |||
| Quartile 3, poor | 1597 (18.4) | 40 (15.3) | 455 (17.9) | 200 (17.9) | 482 (17.3) | 135 (19.1) | |||
| Quartile 4, less poor | 1889 (22.0) | 57 (21.8) | 541 (21.2) | 235 (21.0) | 598 (21.4) | 150 (21.2) | |||
| Quartile 5, least poor | 2259 (26.3) | 80 (30.5) | 652 (25.6) | 297 (26.6) | 731 (26.2) | 184 (26.0) | |||
| Highest level of education | |||||||||
| No formal education | 3335 (38.8) | 146 (55.9) | <.001 | 909 (35.7) | 358 (32.1) | .03 | 995 (35.6) | 216 (30.6) | .03 |
| Primary | 2493 (29.0) | 61 (23.4) | 793 (31.2) | 387 (34.7) | 875 (31.3) | 245 (34.7) | |||
| Secondary | 2449 (28.5) | 46 (17.6) | 740 (29.1) | 339 (30.4) | 811 (29.0) | 224 (31.7) | |||
| Tertiary | 319 (3.7) | 8 (3.1) | 104 (4.1) | 33 (3.0) | 113 (4.0) | 22 (3.1) | |||
| Country | |||||||||
| Burkina Faso | 1962 (22.8) | 82 (31.3) | <.001 | 583 (22.9) | 175 (15.7) | <.001 | 631 (22.6) | 100 (14.1) | <.001 |
| Ghana | 1632 (19.0) | 91 (34.7) | 234 (9.2) | 151 (13.5) | 270 (9.7) | 96 (13.6) | |||
| Kenya | 1886 (21.9) | 22 (8.4) | 678 (26.5) | 272 (24.4) | 738 (26.4) | 165 (23.3) | |||
| South Africa | 3131 (36.4) | 67 (25.6) | 1056 (41.4) | 519 (46.5) | 1158 (41.4) | 346 (48.9) | |||
| Components of PCE | |||||||||
| Smoking | 1541 (17.9) | 39 (14.9) | .21 | 407 (16.0) | 210 (18.8) | .04 | 456 (16.3) | 138 (19.5) | .04 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 123 (22) | 133 (25) | <.001 | 125 (22) | 134 (27) | <.001 | 125 (22) | 134 (27) | <.001 |
| Hypertension and taking medication | 946 (11.0) | 46 (17.6) | .01 | 356 (14.0) | 213 (19.1) | <.001 | 398 (14.2) | 137 (19.4) | .01 |
| Diabetesd | 531 (6.2) | 29 (11.1) | <.001 | 171 (6.7) | 128 (11.5) | <.001 | 181 (6.5) | 99 (13.9) | <.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 147.3 (43.2) | 145.4 (46.5) | .49 | 151.6 (43.0) | 154.0 (44.8) | .11 | 151.3 (42.9) | 155.5 (45.6) | .03 |
| HDL-C, mean (SD), mg/dL | 46.0 (16.1) | 43.5 (14.2) | .01 | 46.4 (16.4) | 47.8 (19.4) | .02 | 46.6 (16.9) | 47.3 (18.8) | .32 |
| 10-y ASCVD risk ≥7.5% | 912 (10.6) | 69 (26.3) | <.001 | 319 (12.5) | 262 (23.5) | <.001 | 345 (12.3) | 195 (27.6) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CIMT, common carotid intima-media thickness; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PCE, Pooled Cohort Equation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SES, socioeconomic status in wealth quintile Q1-Q5; SUA, Spot urine albuminuria; uACR, urine albumin-creatinine-ratio.
SI conversion factors: To convert cholesterol and HDL-C to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259.
High CIMT defined as common CIMT of 0.9 mm or greater.
High SUA defined as SUA concentration of 20 mg/L or greater.
High uACR defined as uACR greater than 3 mg/mmol.
Diabetes was defined as previous diagnosis by a health care professional (which excluded gestational diabetes), taking medication for the condition, or a fasting blood glucose level of 126.13 mg/dL or greater (to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555).