Comparison 5. LLLT versus exercise (grouping based on follow‐up durations).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Pain (VAS)	2		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
1.1 Short term follow up (less than 3 months after randomization)	2		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.2 Intermediate‐term follow up (3 months to 1 year)	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 Low back pain related disability	2		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
2.1 Short term follow up (less than 3 months after randomization)	2		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Intermediate‐term follow up (3 months to 1 year)	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Range of motion (Anterior‐posterior flexion)	2		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
3.1 Short term follow up (less than 3 months after randomization)	2		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.2 Intermediate‐term follow up (3 months to 1 year)	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]