Fig. 14. Different examples of macroscopically assembled PNF-materials (A) hydrogels formed from whey fibrillated in the presence of metal ions¹²⁹ adapted with permission from ref. 129. Copyright (2021) American Chemical Society. Further permissions related to the material excerpted should be directed to the American Chemical Society; (B) foams formed by freeze drying of whey PNFs;²¹⁶ (C) free-standing films from whey protein and plasticizer with (left) and without (right) whey-PNFs;²¹³ adapted with permission from ref. 213. Copyright (2021) American Chemical Society. (D) An air–water interface film formed from insulin PNFs functionalized with a yellow hydrophobic organic dye. To the right is shown the isolated film²¹⁷ adapted with permission from ref. 217. Copyright (2021) American Chemical Society. Further permissions related to the material excerpted should be directed to the American Chemical Society; (E) microfibers formed by microfluidic wet-spinning of whey PNFs⁷⁵ (scale bar is 1 cm); (F) films formed from soy-protein isolate and plasticizer¹²³ adapted from ref. 123. (G) Different phases formed from PNFs of different average length (indicated on the left side) with increasing concentration to the right.²¹¹ Adpated from ref. 211. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society.