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. 2022 Apr 26;22:835. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13240-7

Table 3.

Impact of air quality on ADL disability: Benchmark regression

Variable (1) (2) (3) (4)
lnSO2 − 0.0599*(0.0355)
lnNO2 −0.0017(0.0533)
lnPM10 − 0.1056**(0.0510)
lnAQI − 0.1543**(0.0721)
Fiscal expenditure − 0.0057(0.0276) 0.0015(0.0273) − 0.0027(0.0274) − 0.0018(0.0271)
Sunshine duration − 0.0204(0.0865) − 0.0311(0.0861) − 0.0364(0.0864) −0.0219(0.0857)
Rainfall 0.1173*(0.0620) 0.1353**(0.0620) 0.1015(0.0624) 0.1232**(0.0611)
Per capita GDP 0.0403(0.0330) 0.0361(0.0357) 0.0473(0.0334) 0.0344(0.0328)
Population density 0.0596***(0.023) 0.0513**(0.0238) 0.0744***(0.025) 0.0666***(0.0237)
Average temperature −0.4412***(0.093) −0.4373***(0.093) − 0.4503***(0.094) − 0.4203***(0.0925)
GDP growth 0.0139(0.0090) 0.0159*(0.0090) 0.0174*(0.0090) 0.0173*(0.0089)
Green space coverage 0.0007(0.0022) 0.0007(0.0022) 0.0005(0.0022) 0.0004(0.0022)
Relative humidity −0.0010(0.0029) −0.0007(0.0029) − 0.0014(0.0029) −0.0017(0.0029)
Household register 0.1030***(0.036) 0.1015***(0.036) 0.0968***(0.036) 0.0701*(0.0358)
Income −0.0190(0.0223) −0.0186(0.0223) − 0.0200(0.0223) −0.0191(0.0222)
Basic medical insurance 0.2187(0.1489) 0.2232(0.1488) 0.2269(0.1489) 0.2268(0.1485)
Marital status −0.1834**(0.072) −0.1827**(0.072) − 0.1837**(0.0721) −0.2654***(0.0725)
Serious illness 0.0486*(0.0271) 0.0491*(0.0271) 0.0506*(0.0271) 0.0546**(0.0270)
Depression 0.1194***(0.025) 0.1183***(0.0251) 0.1194***(0.025) 0.1513***(0.0252)
Self-reported health 0.0930***(0.020) 0.0933***(0.0198) 0.0937***(0.020) 0.0866***(0.0197)
Body disability −0.6474***(0.049) −0.6473***(0.049) − 0.6472***(0.049) −0.6378***(0.0490)
Physical pain −0.0369*(0.0215) −0.0375*(0.0215) − 0.0370*(0.0215) −0.0415*(0.0215)
Age −0.0017(0.0020) −0.0017(0.0020) − 0.0017(0.0020) −0.3707***(0.0347)
Gender −0.3703***(0.035) −0.3705***(0.035) − 0.3707***(0.035) 0.0010(0.0020)
Education −0.0350***(0.011) −0.0350***(0.011) − 0.0349***(0.011) −0.0132(0.0110)
Individual / Year Yes Yes Yes Yes
|α/β| 1.2325 0.0346 2.0870 2.8260
sigma2_u 1.7866***(0.119) 1.7859***(0.119) 1.7901***(0.119) 1.7249***(0.1194)
Pseudo log likelihood − 27,316.835 − 27,318.331 − 27,316.157 − 27,260.191
Observations 26,218 26,218 26,218 26,218

Abbreviations: AQI Air Quality Index, SO2 Sulfur Dioxide, NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide, PM10 Inhalable Particles

Note: Standard errors are in brackets; * p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. The pseudo log-likelihood value in the table is log pseudolikelihood