Table 1.
Characteristics of Mexican American Men and Women by Acculturation Status1, NHANES 1999–20082 (n=2946)
| All | Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Characteristics | Less Acculturated | More Acculturated | P | Less Acculturated | More acculturated | p | Less Acculturated | More Acculturated | p |
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| Age (mean, SE) | 51.30 (0.46) | 53.25 (0.36) | ** | 50.45 (0.79) | 52.87 (0.53) | ** | 52.25 (0.61) | 53.58 (0.42) | * |
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| Education (n, %) 2 | ** | ** | ** | ||||||
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| <High school | 1165 (79.25) | 634 (36.29) | 601 (79.93) | 294 (35.79) | 564 (78.47) | 340 (36.72) | |||
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| =High school or equiv. | 94 (8.90) | 277 (23.60) | 45 (8.29) | 118 (22.82) | 49 (9.60) | 159 (24.26) | |||
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| >High school | 120 (11.84) | 451 (40.11) | 59 (11.77) | 209 (41.39) | 61 (11.93) | 242 (39.02) | |||
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| Income (n, %) 2, 3 | ** | ** | ** | ||||||
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| PIR<1 | 486 (37.70) | 228 (15.88) | 246 (36.93) | 98 (14.91) | 240 (38.59) | 130 (16.66) | |||
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| 1≤PIR<3 | 630 (52.16) | 571 (41.10) | 333 (52.95) | 261 (40.65) | 297 (51.26) | 310 (41.50) | |||
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| PIR ≥3 | 112 (10.14) | 453 (43.06) | 54 (10.11) | 215 (44.44) | 58 (10.16) | 238 (41.85) | |||
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| Health insurance (n, %) 2, 4 | ** | ** | ** | ||||||
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| None | 619 (53.50) | 222 (19.30) | 308 (52.75) | 106 (19.78) | 311 (54.33) | 116 (18.88) | |||
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| Public | 380 (17.16) | 497 (25.27) | 180 (13.86) | 217 (22.76) | 200 (20.87) | 280 (27.46) | |||
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| Private | 361 (29.34) | 625 (55.43) | 207 (33.39) | 289 (57.46) | 154 (24.80) | 336 (53.66) | |||
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| Married | 949 (72.21) | 807 (60.47) | ** | 561 (79.79) | 419 (66.44) | ** | 388 (63.71) | 388 (55.29) | |
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| Alcohol drinking (n, %) 2 | ** | * | ** | ||||||
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| Non-drinker | 266 (18.08) | 176 (11.32) | 27 (3.41) | 20 (4.40) | 239 (34.76) | 156 (17.29) | |||
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| Former-drinker | 349 (24.54) | 305 (19.15) | 197 (25.15) | 149 (18.88) | 152 (23.86) | 156 (19.38) | |||
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| Current-drinker | 647 (57.38) | 779 (69.53) | 441 (71.44) | 405 (76.71) | 233 (41.38) | 374 (63.33) | |||
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| Smoking (n, %) 2 | * | ** | |||||||
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| Non-smoker | 769 (56.36) | 674 (50.56) | 263 (40.12) | 216 (39.35) | 506 (74.66) | 458 (60.23) | |||
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| Former-smoker | 394 (25.95) | 423 (27.80) | 289 (36.31) | 257 (35.22) | 105 (14.27) | 166 (21.39) | |||
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| Current-smoker | 214 (17.69) | 269 (21.64) | 153 (23.57) | 149 (25.42) | 61 (11.07) | 120 (18.38) | |||
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| Physical activity (n, %) 2, 5 | 493 (38.22) | 628 (50.60) | ** | 267 (39.76) | 324 (57.85) | ** | 226 (36.48) | 304 (44.34) | * |
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| HEI total score5 mean (SE) | 52.66 (0.56) | 49.88 (0.47) | ** | 51.00 (0.79) | 49.47 (0.52) | ** | 54.52 (0.61) | 50.23 (0.63) | ** |
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| Social support (n, %) 2, 7 | ** | ** | * | ||||||
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| No support | 130 (30.15) | 62 (17.82) | * | 80 (32.91) | 30 (15.76) | ** | 50 (26.62) | 32 (19.60) | |
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| Emotional support only | 842 (80.0) | 946 (91.39) | ** | 413 (78.02) | 439 (91.77) | ** | 429 (82.07) | 507 (91.06) | ** |
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| Financial support only | 652 (58.97) | 767 (74.85) | ** | 302 (53.27) | 348 (75.59) | ** | 350 (65.01) | 419 (74.22) | |
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| Both emotional and financial support | 598 (53.39) | 724 (70.00) | ** | 279 (47.78) | 329 (69.86) | ** | 319 (57.24) | 395 (70.12) | * |
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| Obesity (n, %) 2, 8 | 487 (36.94) | 523 (41.00) | * | 177 (27.43) | 215 (36.99) | ** | 310 (47.80) | 308 (44.43) | |
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| Central obesity (n, %) 2, 9 | 759 (52.66) | 834 (59.83) | ** | 255 (34.34) | 303 (47.67) | ** | 504 (73.23) | 531 (70.32) | |
Acculturation score (0–5) is from the proxy measures on country of birth, language spoken at home and length of time in the U.S. For this set of analyses, scores are used to categorize individuals into less (0–2) and more (3–5) acculturated groups for comparison.
NHANES cycle 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 contain social support questions for adults 60 years and older; cycle 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 contain social support questions for adults 40 years and older.
Percentages were weighted
PIR: Poverty Income Ratio
Insurance status: 1) public insurance including Medicare and Medicaid and other forms of government insurance 2) private insurance 3) no health insurance.
PAGA: Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Met PAGA is defined as engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ≥150 minutes per week.
The HEI-2010 is summed to a total score of 100. Higher score indicates better diet quality.
For the analysis, social support is composed as an index derived from information of emotional support (yes or no) and financial support (yes or no). The index is dichotomized into low or no (neither or either of two kinds of support) and high (both) social support groups for comparison.
Obesity is defined as BMI≥30.
Central obesity is defined as WC ≥102 cm in men; ≥88 cm in women.
P<.05
P<.001
Missing: education 53; income 314; insurance 90; married 125; smoking 51; alcohol drinking 245; PA 48; social support 701; obesity 128; central obesity 48