Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and laboratory findings of the patients
|
All patients (n=272) |
Alive patients (n=186) |
Deceased patients (n=86) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 64.7 ± 14.7 | 61.1 ± 14.1 | 72.7 ± 12.8 | < 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 114 (41.9) | 83 (44.6) | 31 (36) | 0.19 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
| Any comorbidity | 191 (70.2) | 125(67.2) | 66 (76.7) | 0.11 |
| Hypertension | 137 (52.7) | 89 (50) | 48 (58.5) | 0.23 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 90 (34.6) | 63 (35.4) | 27 (32.9) | 0.77 |
| Asthma | 31 (11.9) | 23 (12.9) | 8 (9.8) | 0.54 |
| COPD | 26 (10.0) | 18 (10.1) | 8 (9.8) | 1.00 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 42 (16.2) | 26 (14.6) | 16 (19.5) | 0.36 |
| Chronic renal disease | 15 (5.8) | 5 (2.8) | 10 (12.2) | 0.007 |
| Congestive heart failure | 18 (6.9) | 7 (3.9) | 11 (13.4) | 0.008 |
| Physical findings n (%) | ||||
| Respiratory rate ≥ 30/min | 85 (31.4) | 44 (23.7) | 41 (48.2) | < 0.001 |
| PaO2 < 60 mmHg | 153 (59.1) | 94 (53.1) | 59 (72) | 0.004 |
| Pulse rate ≥ 125/min | 9 (3.8) | 8 (5) | 1 (1.4) | 0.27 |
| SBP < 90 mmHg or DBP < 60 mmHg |
39 (15.8) | 20 (11.8) | 19 (24.4) | 0.015 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Lymphocyte count (cells/mm3) * | 1220.1 ± 107.2 | 1225.2 ± 597.9 | 1209 ± 1695.9 | 0.93 |
| Hematocrit + | 39.4 (35.9–42.7) | 40.1 (36.3–43.3) | 38.5 (34.3–42.2) | 0.04 |
| Platelet count (103/mm3) * | 234.7 ± 99.8 | 239.5 ± 98.9 | 224.4 ± 101.6 | 0.24 |
| BUN (mg/dl) * | 23.1 ± 20.7 | 14.7 (11.4–19.5) | 24.7 (13.8–38.0) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) + | 0.91 (0.74–1.19) | 0.85 (0.73–1.06) | 1.14 (0.83–1.76) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin (ng/l) * | 651 ± 669.5 | 150.1 (74.9–337.4) | 390.5(177.5–745.4) | 0.02 |
| CRP (mg/l) * | 112.9 ± 80.7 | 97.8 ± 71.6 | 146.2 ± 89.5 | < 0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (g/dl)* | 602.2 ± 157.3 | 595.4 ± 139.3 | 616 ± 190.9 | 0.57 |
| D-dimer (ng/ml) * | 1881.1 ± 2425.6 | 1492.2 ± 1854.7 | 2872.8 ± 3344.1 | 0.03 |
| AST (u/l) * | 50.2 ± 38.2 | 47.6 ± 33.3 | 55.9 ± 46.9 | 0.10 |
| ALT (u/l) + | 26 (18–38.2) | 26 (19–39.5) | 23 (13–37.5) | 0.09 |
| Blood gases and oxygenation parameters | ||||
| PaO2 (mmHg) * | 58.7 ± 16.5 | 60.8 ± 17.3 | 54.1 ± 13.4 | 0.002 |
| SaO2 (%) * | 89 ± 8.1 | 90.6 ± 6.1 | 85.5 ± 10.6 | < 0.001 |
| PaO2/FiO2 * | 203.6 ± 97.9 | 239.2 ± 89.1 | 161.4 ± 87 | < 0.001 |
| SpO2 (%) * | 88.2 ± 8.5 | 89.6 ± 7.3 | 85.2 ± 10.2 | 0.001 |
| SpO2/ FiO2 * | 309.1 ± 135 | 357.8 ± 117.2 | 258.6 ± 133.6 | < 0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/l) + | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | 1.45 (1.02–2.00) | 2.00 (1.40–2.95) | < 0.001 |
| pH + | 7.45 (7.40–7.48) | 7.45 (7.41–7.48) | 7.43 (7.36–7.48) | 0.027 |
| Outcome of patients, n (%) | ||||
| Discharged from ED | 32 (11.8) | 29 (15.6) | 3(3.5) | 0.004 |
| Hospital ward | 162 (59.6) | 125 (67.2) | 37 (43) | < 0.001 |
| Intensive care unit | 73 (26.8) | 32 (17.2) | 41 (47.7) | < 0.001 |
| Death in ED | 5 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 5 (5.8) | < 0.001 |
| COVID-19 severity status | ||||
| Non - severe | 46 (16.9) | 45 (24.2) | 1 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Severe | 226 (83.1) | 141 (75.8) | 85 (98.8) | < 0.001 |
All statistical results refer to the comparison of alive and deceased patients.
*stands for mean ± SD, +stands for median (IQR).
Abbreviations: COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen, CRP: C-reactive protein, AST: Aspartate transaminase, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, SaO2: arterial oxygen saturation, FiO2: Fraction of Inspired Oxygen, SpO2: peripheral oxygen saturation, pH: power of hydrogen, ED: emergency department.