Table 2.
Circulating ncRNAs as AD biomarkers.
| Ref | Study Cohort | Plasma/ Serum/Blood |
Upregulated | Downregulated | Cohort of ncRNA Variation | Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dakterzada et al., 2021 [252] | Discovery cohort (n = 19, mild AD) and validation cohort (n = 53, mild AD) | Plasma | miR-342-5p | Severe AD | RT–PCR | |
| Poursaei et al., 2022 [213] | 50 AD and 50 HC | Plasma | hsa-let7d-5p hsa-let7g-5p |
AD | RT–PCR | |
| Galimberti et al., 2014 [232] | 22 AD, 18 NINDCs, 8 NIDCs, and 10 FTD | Serum | miR-125b miR-23a miR-26b |
AD | RT–PCR | |
| Kumar et al., 2017 [235] | Discovery cohort (10 AD, 6 MCI, and 14 HC) and validation cohort (11 AD, 20 MCI, and 18 HC) | Serum | miR-455-3p miR-4668-5p |
AD | RT–PCR | |
| Yilmaz et al., 2016 [223] | 172 AD and 109 HC | Whole blood | hsa-miR-9-5p hsa-miR-106a-5p hsa-miR-106b-5p hsa-miR-107 |
AD | RT–PCR | |
| Wang et al., 2020 [244] | 120 AD, 120 PD, and 120 HC | Plasma | miR-107 | miR-103 | AD | RT–PCR |
| Barbagallo et al., 2020 [259] | 30 AD, 30 PD, 24 VD, 25 VP, and 30 HC | Serum | miR-22 miR-23a miR-29a miR-125b |
AD | RT–PCR | |
| Fotuhi et al., 2019 [258] | 45 AD and 36 HC | Whole plasma | lncRNA BACE1-AS | AD | RT–PCR | |
| Feng et al., 2018 [257] | 88 AD and 72 HC | Plasma | lncRNA BACE1 | AD | RT–PCR | |
| Yang et al., 2015 [222] | 30 AD and 30 HC | Blood | miR-29c | AD | RT–PCR | |
| Bhatnagar et al., 2014 [233] | 110 AD and 123 HC | Plasma | miR-34c | AD | RT–PCR | |
| Leidinger et al., 2013 [17] | 106 AD, 18 MCI, 16 CIS, 9 PD, 15 DEP, 15 BD, 14 SCHIZ, and 22 HC | Blood | hsa-miR-30d-5p | hsa-miR-144-5p | AD | NGS and RT–PCR |
| Zhu et al., 2015 [256] | 26 AD, 30 MCI, and 42 HC | Serum | miRNA-210 | AD | RT–PCR | |
| Kiko et al., 2014 [211] | Plasma | miR-34a miR-146a |
AD | RT–PCR | ||
| Xing et al., 2016 [226] | 30 AD and 30 HC | Blood | miR-206 | AD | RT–PCR | |
| Wu et al., 2020 [227] | 40 AD (amyloid positive) and 31 controls (amyloid negative) | Blood | miR-146b-5p miR-15b-5p |
AD | Small RNA sequencing | |
| Kumar et al., 2013 [210] | 11 AD, 9 MCI, and 20 HC | Plasma | hsa-miR-191-5p hsa-miR-15b-5p hsa-let-7d-5p hsa-let-7g-5p hsa-miR-142-3p |
AD | nCounter miRNA expression assay v1 and RT–PCR | |
| Geekiyanage et al., 2012 [220] | 7 AD and 7 HC | Serum | miR-137 miR-181c miR-9 miR-29a/b |
AD | RT–PCR | |
| Tan et al., 2014 [72] | 105 AD and 150 HC | Serum | miR-9 | miR-125b miR-181c |
AD | RT–PCR |
| Sørensen et al., 2016 [212] | 10 AD and 10 VD/FTD or LBD | Plasma | miR-590-5p miR-142-5p |
miR-194-5p | AD | RT–PCR |
| Ludwig et al., 2019 [225] | AD, MCI, HC, and ODN (total subjects 465) | Blood | miR-532-5p | AD | RT–PCR | |
| Liu et al., 2014 [247] | 32 MCI, 45 AD, and 50 HC | Serum | miR-384 | AD | RT–PCR | |
| Wang et al., 2019 [218] | 7 AD and 5 HC | Plasma | miR-200a-3p | AD | Microarray miRNA profile | |
| Liu et al., 2020 [224] | 50 AD, 20 VD, and 50 HC | Blood | miR-574-5p | hsa-circ-0003391 | AD | Microarray analysis |
| Hara et al., 2017 [234] | 27 AD and 18 HC | Serum | hsa-miR-501-3p hsa-let-7f-5p hsa-miR-26b-5p |
AD | RT–PCR | |
| Jia et al., 2016 [231] | 84 AD and 62 HC | Serum | miR-519 | miR-29, miR-125b, miR-223 |
AD | RT–PCR |
| Cosín-Tomás et al., 2017 [249] | HC, AD, PAD (n = 35 per group), and PD (n = 20) | Plasma | miR-34a-5p miR-545-3p |
AD | RT–PCR | |
| Nagaraj et al., 2017 [248] | 15 MCI, 20 AD, and 15 HC | Plasma | miR-483-5p miR-486-5p miR-200a-3p miR-142-3P |
miR-30b-5p | AD and MCI | RT–PCR |
| Dong et al., 2015 [242] | 127 AD, 30 MCI, and 30 VD | Serum | miR-93 miR-146a |
miR-31 miR-93 miR-143 miR-146a |
AD and MCI | Solexa sequencing and RT–PCR |
| Siedlecki-Wullich et al., 2019 [251] | 56 AD, 26 MCI, 38 HC, and 27 FTD | Plasma | miR-92a-3p miR-181c-5p miR-210-3p |
AD and MCI | RT–PCR | |
| Sabry et al., 2020 [246] | 40 MCI and AD, and 20 HC | Plasma | miRNA-483-5p | AD and MCI | RT–PCR | |
| Zhang et al., 2021 [254] | 75 MCI and 52 HC | Serum | hsa-let-7g-5p hsa-miR-107 hsa-miR-186-3p |
MCI | RT–PCR | |
| Shi et al., 2020 [253] | 71 aMCI and 69 HC | Serum | miR-34c | aMCI | RT–PCR | |
| He et al., 2021 [250] | Discovery cohort (n = 10), analysis cohort (n = 30), and validation cohort (n = 80) | Plasma | miR-1185-2-3p miR-1909-3p miR-22-5p miR-134-3p |
aMCI | Microarray sequencing | |
| Wang et al., 2015 [255] | 97 AD, 116 aMCI, and 81 HC | Plasma | miR-107 | aMCI | RT–PCR |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; BD, bipolar disorder; CIS, clinically isolated syndrome; DEP, major depression; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; HC, healthy controls; INDCs, inflammatory neurological controls; LBD, Lewy body dementia; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NINDCs, non-inflammatory neurological controls; PAD, preclinical AD; PD, Parkinson’s disease; SCHIZ, schizophrenia; VD, vascular dementia; VP, vascular parkinsonism.