Fig. 2.

Interactions between nucleotide metabolism and host immunity. Cancer cells could release metabolites from nucleotide metabolism, such as ATP, adenosine to A Regulate immunoregulatory cells through adenosine and purinergic receptors; B In cancer cells, disrupted nucleotide pool could raise tumor immunogenicity; C Microbes release nucleoside analogs to regulate immunity. A2AR adenosine 2A receptor, P2X purinergic P2X receptor, P2Y purinergic P2Y receptor, TLRs Toll-like receptors, CD39 ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1, CD73 ecto-5-nucleotidase, M2 M2-type macrophage, MICA major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A, NFAT nuclear factor of activated T cells, PTMB pyrimidine-rich transversion mutational bias, TAM tumor-associated macrophage