Table 1.

Toll-Like Receptors.

Immunotherapy	Potential Immune Target	Animal Study Findings	Human Study Findings	References
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs):
Naltrexone	TLR4	↓ binge drinking in adulthood ↓ alcohol preference ↓ immune-related gene mRNA expression	↓ return to drinking ↓ heavy drinking days	(Jonas et al., 2014) (Jacobsen et al., 2018) (Jacobsen et al., 2018)
Naloxone	TLR4	↓ alcohol-induced sedation ↓ alcohol-induced motor impairment	–	(Wu et al., 2012) (Harris et al., 2017)
Nalmefene	TLR4	↓ alcohol-induced neuroinflammation ↓ binge drinking	↓ heavy drinking days ↓ drinks per drinking day	(Karhuvaara et al., 2007) (Montesinos et al., 2017)
Sulfasalazine	IKKβ inhibition	↓ ethanol intake and preference	–	(Truitt et al., 2016)
TPCA-1	IKKβ inhibition	↓ ethanol intake and preference	–	(Truitt et al., 2016)
Amlexanox	TLR3/TRIF inhibition	↓ ethanol consumption	–	(McCarthy et al., 2018)
T5342126	TLR4	↓ ethanol consumption ↓ microglial activation marker	–	(Bajo et al., 2016)