Table 5.

Other Immune Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Therapies.

Immunotherapy	Potential Immune Target	Animal Study Findings	Human Study Findings	References
Other Potential Immune Pharmacotherapies:
Indomethacin	COX-2 enzyme inhibitor	↑ protection against ethanol-induced brain damage ↓ ethanol-induced NF-κB phosphorylation ↓ ethanol-induced COX-2 & iNOS expression	–	(George, 1989) (Pascual et al., 2007) (Vetreno et al., 2018) (Vetreno et al., 2018)
Pergolide	Dopamine/serotonin receptor agonist	↓ ethanol intake	–	(Ferguson et al., 2018)
Terreic acid	Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor	↓ ethanol intake	–	(Ferguson et al., 2018)
Cannabidiol	Diverse actions (e.g., COX-2 enzyme inhibition, PPARγ activation)	↓ ethanol intake ↓ cue- and stress-induced ethanol seeking ↑ protection against ethanol-induced brain damage ↓ ethanol-induced liver damaged ↓ impulsive choice ↓ ethanol-induced liver inflammation	clinical trials underway: NCT03252756 NCT04205682 NCT03248167	(Turna et al., 2019) (Wang et al., 2017)
Neuroactive steroids	Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, TLR7	↓ ethanol intake, preference, and operant responding in select rodents at high doses ↑ ethanol intake and operant responding in low doses	↓ alcohol use in males with heavy drinking patterns clinical trials underway: NCT03872128 NCT02582905 NCT04098302 NCT04015869	(Morrow et al., 2020) (Rezvani and Levin, 2014) (Covault et al., 2014)
Behavioral Therapies:
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention	Downstream stress pathways	–	↑ mindfulness practice predicted ↓ IL-6 and ↓ drinking clinical trial completed: NCT01056484 clinical trial underway: NCT02994043	(McClintock et al., 2019) (Zgierska et al., 2019)

Note. IL = interleukin; COX-2 = cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α; NF-κB = nuclear factor-κB; PPARγ = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ.