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The influence of different acidification levels on various factors. The green color indicates downregulation, the red color indicates upregulation, and the blue color indicates both upregulation and downregulation. The intensity of the color in the arrows is proportional to the extent of the changes. AN, AP, ExCa, and ExAl indicate available soil nitrogen, available phosphorus, soil exchangeable calcium, and exchangeable aluminum, respectively. 4-HBA indicates 4-hydroxybenzoic.
