Deletion of dhsphK1 alters the growth and cell morphology of P. gingivalis strain W83. (A) Growth curves for the wild type (W83) and the ΔdhsphK1 mutant. Number of repeats (n), 3. Error bars shown in the graph were calculated using the following formula: SE = SD/√n, where SE is the standard error of the sample, SD is the standard deviation of the sample, and n is the number of samples. (B) Transmission electron micrographs of the wild type (W83) and the ΔdhsphK1 mutant showing a cell division defect and membrane ruffling (blue arrow) in the mutant. (C) Scanning electron micrographs showing an altered OMV biogenesis phenotype (OMV chains, orange arrows) in the ΔdhsphK1 mutant.