Table 3. Treatment effects on COVID-19 vaccine willingness.
Coefficients are odds ratios (95% CI) based on logistic regressions. Standard errors are clustered at the regional level. All treatment arms compared to the control arm. All analyses control for stratification variables and region to account for potential variations in COVID-19 infection rates. The outcome is an indicator variable of vaccine willingness, which is equal to 1 if the respondents reported that they would definitely get vaccinated and 0 otherwise.
| Bulgaria | France | Germany | Italy | Poland | Spain | Sweden |
United
Kingdom |
|
| COVID-19 risk reduction |
1.46 0.48–4.47 |
1.06 0.65–1.73 |
1.46** 1.17–1.83 |
0.69* 0.49–0.98 |
0.90 0.53–1.54 |
0.66** 0.49–0.89 |
1.16 0.89–1.53 |
0.88 0.63–1.23 |
| Vaccination certificate |
1.58 0.67–3.73 |
0.87 0.46–1.63 |
1.44* 1.09–1.91 |
0.97 0.71–1.34 |
0.97 0.61–1.54 |
0.97 0.96–1.36 |
0.92 0.66–1.27 |
1.51*** 1.11–2.05 |
| Hedonistic benefits |
1.25 0.44–3.56 |
1.45 0.86–2.45 |
1.43* 1.06–1.93 |
0.78 0.52–1.16 |
0.96 0.60–1.53 |
1.00 0.63–1.59 |
0.86 0.65–1.13 |
1.19 0.77–1.86 |
| Altruistic benefits |
– | – | 1.31 0.98–1.75 |
– | – | – | – | – |
| Control group mean |
0.06 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.67 | 0.44 | 0.22 |
| N | 1069 | 1108 | 2323 | 1087 | 1104 | 1102 | 1097 | 1205 |
*P < 0.05.
**P < 0.01.
***P < 0.001.