Table 2.

Bioresponsive DDS used for site-specific targeting of COVID-19-induced inflammation.

Drug carrier	Therapeutic cargo	DDS properties	Targeting mechanism	Animal model	Administration route	Reference
ICAM-1 decorated biotinylated (PEG-PAE)- NPs	TPCA-1	100 nm	Targeting of the inflamed endothelium by the anti-ICAM-1 antibody. Specific drug release in the acidic inflammatory site by the pH-responsive copolymer (biotinylated PEG- PAE)	LPS-induce ALI	Intravenous	[96]
Mannose-decorated PEI-NPs	Dexamethasone	115 nm +31 mV	Targeting of proinflammatory alveolar macrophages by mannose modification. pH-responsive release of dexamethasone due to its linkage to PEI polymer.	LPS-induce ALI	Intravenous	[97]
Tempol-phenylboronic acid pinacol- β-cyclodextrin NPs	Tempol	109 nm −16 mV	Enhanced hydrolysis of PBAP (phenylboronic acid pinacol ester) group in the presence of high concentrations of ROS due to its oxidation-labile units	LPS-induce ALI	Intravenous	[99]
Poly(thioketal) polymeric NPs	Dexamethasone	307 nm −22 mV	Cleavage of thioketal bonds by the high level of ROS in the injury site.	LPS-induce ALI	Intravenous	[98]