Table 16.

An anti-tyrosinase activity of flavonoids (UE-unable to establish; c-with respect to L-tyrosine; d-with respect to both L-tyrosine and L-DOPA; NR-not reported; NT-not tested).

Substances	Substrate	Positive control (inhibitor)	Type of inhibition	Inhibition constant $K_i$	Source of tyrosinase	The half-maximal inhibitory concentration ${\mathrm{IC}}_{50}$ (µM)	References
FLavonols
Galangin,	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Competitive	NR	Mushroom	10	Fan et al.101
Kaempferol	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Competitive	NR	Mushroom	73	Fan et al.101
Isorhamnetin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Mixed	NR	Mushroom	303	Fan et al.101
Rutin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Competitive	NR	Mushroom	4571	Fan et al.101
Myricetin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Mixed	NR	Mushroom	85	Fan et al.101
Quercetin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Competitive	NR	Mushroom	30	Fan et al.101
Morin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Competitive	NR	Mushroom	85	Fan et al.101
Diosmetin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Competitive	NR	Mushroom	417	Fan et al.101
Hyperin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NT	NR	Mushroom	NT	Fan et al.101
DIHYDROFLAVONES
Naringenin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Non-competitive	NR	Mushroom	555	Fan et al.101
Naringin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Competitive	NR	Mushroom	1900	Fan et al.101
FLAVONES
Chrysin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	Non effect	Fan et al.101
Chrysoeriol	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	83	Fan et al.101
Ladanein	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	53	Fan et al.101
5,6,7,8,4′-Pentahydroxyflavone	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	55	Fan et al.101
5,6,7,4′-Tetramethylscutellarein	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	49	Fan et al.101
5,7,4′-Trimethylscutellarein	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	50	Fan et al.101
Luteolin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Non-competitive		Mushroom	186	Fan et al.101
Luteolin-7-O-glukozyd	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	74	Karioti et al.111
Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	74	Karioti et al.111
Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	70	Karioti et al.111
Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	56	Karioti et al.111
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	53	Karioti et al.111
6-OH-kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	55	Karioti et al.111
Kaempferol-3-O-(6′’-pCm)-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	11	Karioti et al.111
Quercetin-3-O-(6′’-pCm)-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	55	Karioti et al.111
Isorhamnetin-3-O-(6′’-OAc)-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	64	Karioti et al.111
Isorhamnetin-7-O-(6′’-pCm)-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	53	Karioti et al.111
Apigenin-7-O-(6′’-pCm)-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	58	Karioti et al.111
Apigenin-7-O-(3′’,6′’-di-pCm)-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	46	Karioti et al.111
Chrysoeriol-7-O-(3′’,6′’-di-pCm)-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	44	Karioti et al.111
Apigenin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Mixed	NR	Mushroom	40	Fan et al.101
	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	93	Karioti et al.111
Baicalein	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Non-competitive	NR	Mushroom	138	Fan et al.101
Baicalin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Mixed	NR	Mushroom	215	Fan et al.101
DIHYDROFLAVOLS
Dihydromyricetin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Mixed	NR	Mushroom	37	Fan et al.101
Taxifolin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Competitive	NR	Mushroom	800	Fan et al.101
ISOFLAVONOIDS
Daidzein	L-tyrosin L-DOPA	Koijc acid	${\text{Reversibly competitive}}^{\mathrm{c}}$	19.4	Mushroom	203/UE	Chang et al.109
Genistein	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	Competitive	NR	Mushroom	25	Chang et al.109
6,7,4′-Trihydroxyisoflavone	L-tyrosin L-DOPA	Koijc acid	${\text{Reversibly competitive}}^{\mathrm{c}}$	1.93	Mushroom	9/UE	Chang et al.109
7,8,4′-Trihydroxyisoflavone	L-tyrosin L-DOPA	Koijc acid	${\mathrm{Irreversible}}^{\mathrm{d}}$	UE	Mushroom	191/184	Chang et al.109
5,7,8,4′-Tetrahydroxyisoflavone	L-tyrosin L-DOPA	Koijc acid	${\mathrm{Irreversible}}^{\mathrm{d}}$	UE	Mushroom	181/212	Chang et al.109
6-Methoxy-7,4′-dihydroxyisoflavone  (glycitein)	L-tyrosin L-DOPA	Koijc acid	${\text{Reversibly competitive}}^{\mathrm{c}}$	50.6	Mushroom	218/UE	Chang et al.109
4′-Hydroxyisoflavone-7-O-glucoside  (daidzin)	L-tyrosin L-DOPA	Koijc acid	${\text{Reversibly competitive}}^{\mathrm{c}}$	15.1	Mushroom	267/UE	Chang et al.109
5,4′-Dihydroxyisoflavone-7-O-glucoside (genistin)	L-tyrosin L-DOPA	Koijc acid	${\text{Reversibly competitive}}^{\mathrm{c}}$	17.6	Mushroom	343/UE	Chang et al.109
ANTHOCYANIDINS
Pelargonidin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	66	Tsuda and Osawa104
Pelargonidln 3-O-β-D-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	61.2	Tsuda and Osawa104
Cyanidin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	27.1	Tsuda and Osawa104
Cyanldin 3-O-β-D-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	40.3	Tsuda and Osawa104
Delphinldin	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	57.4	Tsuda and Osawa104
Delphinldin 3-O-β-D-glucoside	L-DOPA	Koijc acid	NR	NR	Mushroom	46.2	Tsuda and Osawa104