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. 2022 Apr 26;14(1):2055441. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2055441

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Saturated fat, derived from MF, improves glucose homeostasis, intestinal permeability, and barrier function. (a) Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) for all diet groups (n = 12–19 mice/group) was performed at the end of the study, (b) along with the corresponding area under the curve (AUC). Serum concentrations of hormones (c) insulin, (d) PP (e) leptin and (f) GIP (n = 9–10/group). (g) mRNA expression of GLP-1. (h) Fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran 4kDa (FITC) measured intestinal permeability (n = 6/group). (i) The key mucosal defense factor, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), was measured in the colon (n = 11–14 group). Short-chain fatty acid (j) acetic acid was measured in the cecal content (n = 15–19 mice/group). MD: Mediterranean diet; PP: pancreatic polypeptide; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; GIP: gastric inhibitory peptide; SFA: saturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; n-6 PUFA; n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids; n-3 PUFA: n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids; SEM: standard error of the mean. §p < .05 than milk fat; ‡p < 0.05 than corn oil; #p <0 .05 than MD; and †p < 0.05 than olive oil. (See also Figure S6).