Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of 116 patients admitted to the ICU comparing COVID versus non-COVID patients
| Variable | Non-COVID (77) | COVID-19 (39) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 70 (56–76) | 55 (44–64) | <0.0001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 23 (30) | 17 (43.6) | 0.15 |
| BMI in Kg/m2, median (IQR) | 27.7 (24.3–32.9) | 30.2 (26.8–35.8) | 0.02 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| Caucasian | 69 (90) | 11 (28.2) | |
| Hispanic | 5 (6) | 8 (20.5) | |
| Asian | 2 (3) | 2 (5.1) | |
| African American | 1 (1) | 1 (2.6) | |
| Native American | 0 (0) | 17 (43.6) | |
| Diabetes Mellitus, n (%) | 27 (35) | 19 (48.7) | 0.16 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 33 (43) | 16 (41) | 0.99 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 28 (37) | 5 (12.8) | 0.008 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 12 (16) | 2 (5) | 0.13 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 6 (8) | 3 (7.7) | 0.99 |
| Cirrhosis, n (%) | 7 (9) | 0 (0) | 0.09 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 14 (18) | 3 (7.7) | 0.17 |
| Immunosuppression, n (%) | 7 (9) | 6 (15) | 0.35 |
| Pre-ICU days, median (IQR) | 0 (0–1.5) | 1 (1–3) | <0.0001 |
| ICU source, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| Emergency Room | 23 (30) | 3 (7.7) | |
| HospitalWard | 11 (14) | 21 (54) | |
| Operating Room | 38 (50) | 0 (0) | |
| Outside hospital | 5 (6) | 15 (38.5) | |
| Temperature in °Celsius, median (IQR) | 37.4 (36.2–38.5) | 37.5 (37–38.2) | 0.34 |
| Median arterial pressure in mmHg, median (IQR) | 60 (56–64) | 69 (62–77) | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate, median (IQR) | 98 (88–111) | 98 (86–108) | 0.55 |
| Respiratory rate, median (IQR) | 23 (19–28) | 29 (24–32) | <0.0001 |
| Fluids in first 24 h, median (IQR) | 4435 (2356–5865) | 2001 (1319–2638) | <0.0001 |
| Urine output, first 24 h, median (IQR) | 1735 (1325–2420) | 1475 (920–2265) | 0.38 |
| Fluid balance 24 h (mL), median (IQR) | 2420 (757–4047) | 169 (-765-1071) | <0.0001 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale, median (IQR) | 14 (10–15) | 15 (15–15) | 0.0002 |
| Acute physiologic score, median (IQR) | 46 (34–58) | 38 (25–62) | 0.16 |
| APACHE IV, median (IQR) | 60 (45–75) | 51 (34–69) | 0.04 |
| Predicted mortality, median (IQR) | 8 (1.6–26) | 14.7 (7.3–37.6) | 0.01 |
| Vasopressors on Day 1 | 52 (68) | 17 (44) | 0.01 |
| SOFA score Day 1, median (IQR) | 8 (5–9) | 5 (4–8) | 0.03 |
| SOFA score Day 2, median (IQR) | 6 (4–9) | 5 (3–8) | 0.33 |
| SOFA score Day 3, median (IQR) | 5.5 (3.7–9) | 5 (3–8) | 0.62 |
| SOFA score Day 4, median (IQR) | 4 (3–11) | 6 (3–9) | 0.38 |
| SOFA score Day 5, median (IQR) | 5.5 (3–10.7) | 6 (4–10) | 0.71 |
| SOFA score Day 6, median (IQR) | 9 (2–12) | 6 (4–9) | 0.75 |
| SOFA score Day 7, median (IQR) | 10 (4–12) | 7 (4–10) | 0.36 |
| Baseline laboratory results | |||
| White blood count (x109/L), median (IQR) | 11 (7.9–14.4) | 9.4 (5.2–15) | 0.22 |
| Platelets (x109/L), median (IQR) | 144 (96–210) | 226 (176–284) | <0.0001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 139 (135–141) | 136 (133–138) | 0.01 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 1.12 (0.81–1.67) | 1.06 (0.81–1.68) | 0.63 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 19 (13–27) | 18 (12–35) | 0.74 |
| Glucose (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 157 (133–183) | 134 (107–210) | 0.23 |
| pH, median (IQR) | 7.4 (7.34–7.41) | 7.39 (7.31–7.44) | 0.61 |
| Lactate (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.8 (1.3–3.9) | 1.2 (1.1–1.7) | 0.0003 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 1 (0.5–1) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | <0.0001 |
| Hematocrit (%), median (IQR) | 29 (26–34) | 38 (33–41) | <0.0001 |
| Lipase (U/L), median (IQR) | 19.5 (9–43) | 73.1 (42.2–121.9) | <0.0001 |
| Albumin (g/dL), median (IQR) | 4 (3.2–4.1) | 3.2 (2.9–3.4) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 8.4 (7.8–9) | 8 (07.4–8.3) | <0.0004 |
| Ionized Calcium (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 4.5 (4.3–4.8) | 4.3 (4.1–4.5) | 0.005 |
IQR: interquartile range, n: number, BMI: body mass index, ICU: intensive care unit, APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.