Table 6.
Cytokine profile of 116 ICU patients comparing COVID versus non-COVID patients (left side) as well as animal experiment comparing control mice versus mice treated with linoleic acid (LA) on the right side
| Variable | Non-COVID (77) | COVID-19 (39) | p value | Control mice | LA (200 mg/kg) mice | PA (333mg/Kg) mice | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GROα (pg/mL) | 19.5 (7.3–33.5) | 35 (18.6–53.8) | 0.001 | 685 (480–1018) | 65,034 (63,915–67,163)a | 760 (350–1493) | 0.001 |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | 2.75 (0–17.75) | 8.3 (4.6–16.5) | 0.04 | 8.5 (1.2–19.0) | 26.8 (15.8–46.8)a | 3.7 (1.2–7.4) | 0.01 |
| IL-1Rα (pg/mL) | 8 (3.1–72.9) | 22.4 (9.1–53.1) | 0.01 | ||||
| IL-4 (pg/mL) | 2.32 (0–6.5) | 4.7 (1.4–6.9) | 0.03 | 5.0 (0.6–8.1) | 7.5 (5.6–7.5) | 2.4 (0.1–2.7) | 0.34 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 146.8 (34.8–422.3) | 360 (67–641) | 0.02 | 22.8 (3.1–155) | 5828 (4383–11,758)a | 531 (446–837)b | 0.001 |
| IL-18 (pg/mL) | 50.8 (29.7–114) | 119.4 (86.4–174.2) | 0.01 | ||||
| IP-10 (pg/mL) | 214 (120–556) | 3204 (1956–3941) | <0.001 | 576 (446–783) | 926 (573–1318) | 380 (296–480) | 0.23 |
| MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 578 (373–858) | 1336 (892–1836) | <0.001 | 126 (59–339) | 2350 (1993–2526)a | 271 (217–279) | <0.001 |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 17.6 (6.5–49.9) | 40.4 (28.3–58.4) | <0.001 | 25.0 (13.7–43.5) | 120 (108–127)a | 29.1 (10.2–31.7) | <0.001 |
a
Significantly different from control and Palmitic acid (PA) treated mice.
b
Significantly different from control mice.