Table 2.
Comparison of prevalence of mental health outcomes in hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic by subpopulations.
| Outcome | Subgroup | No. of meta-analyses (No. of individual studies included in meta-analyses) | Individual meta-analyses prevalence range | Prevalence (%; 95% CI%) | I2 (%) | Q (p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety symptoms | Doctors | 8 (90) | 17.0% to 41.0% | 26.69 (19.76–33.62) | 82.5 | 4.97 (0.08) |
| Nurses | 10 (145) | 22.8% to 44.1% | 31.93 (27.44–36.42) | 70.6 | ||
| Other hospital staff | 3 (24) | 19.9% to 39.80% | 24.16 (18.76–29.57) | 0.0 | ||
| Depressive symptoms | Doctors | 7 (72) | 24.0% to 40.4% | 30.87 (24.86–36.87) | 78.7 | 18.00 (0.00) |
| Nurses | 9 (124) | 25.0% to 42.4% | 32.59 (28.81–36.6) | 29.1 | ||
| Other hospital staff | 2 (21) | 14.1% to 20.6% | 16.89 (10.58–23.20) | 75.3 | ||
| Insomnia or sleep disturbances | Doctors | 4 (24) | 34.5% to 41.6% | 37.23 (32.61–41.86) | 0.0 | 5.57 (0.06) |
| Nurses | 6 (45) | 34.8% to 43.0% | 39.06 (35.04–43.08) | 0.0 | ||
| Other hospital staff | 1 (2) | NA | 31.80 (27.15–36.45) | NA | ||
| Stress | Doctors | 3 (13) | 42.0% to 93.0% | 64.75 (26.71–100.00) | 95.5 | 1.73 (0.42) |
| Nurses | 4 (71) | 40.6% to 51.0% | 45.48 (41.01–49.94) | 0.0 | ||
| Other hospital staff | 1 (8) | NA | 36.40 (15.80–57.00) | NA | ||
| Post-traumatic stress | Doctors | 1 (2) | NA | 39.0 (18.00–62.00) | NA | |
| Nurses | 1 (3) | NA | 18.60 (4.80–38.30) | NA | ||
| Anxiety symptoms | Male HS | 5 (27) | 14.3% to 44.2% | 31.28 (19.86–42.71) | 79.7 | 0.98 (0.32) |
| Female HS | 5 (27) | 26.6% to 50.0% | 38.70 (29.45–47.95) | 64.9 | ||
| Depressive symptoms | Male HS | 5 (28) | 20.3% to 40.9% | 30.25 (20.54–39.96) | 55.8 | 1.22 (0.27) |
| Female HS | 5 (28) | 26.9% to 43.4% | 36.92 (30.10–43.75) | 21.8 | ||
| Insomnia or sleep disturbances | Male HS | 2 (8) | 24.0% to 28.6% | 25.98 (21.52–30.45) | 64.0 | 2.34 (0.13) |
| Female HS | 2 (8) | 29.0% to 36.70% | 32.82 (25.28–40.37) | 97.3 | ||
| Anxiety symptoms | Front-line HS | 11 (101) | 19.8% to 45.0% | 33.31 (28.47–38.15) | 61.7 | 1.65 (0.20) |
| Second-line HS | 5 (25) | 24.7% to 37.0% | 28.77 (23.82–33.72) | 0.0 | ||
| Depressive symptoms | Front-line HS | 11 (87) | 23.6% to 53.0% | 31.85 (26.95–36.75) | 61.8 | 0.01 (0.93) |
| Second-line HS | 5 (26) | 19.6% to 46.0% | 31.41 (23.53–39.29) | 64.9 | ||
| Insomnia or sleep disturbances | Front-line HS | 2 (16) | 47.0% to 57.4% | 50.56 (39.97–61.14) | 0.0 | 1.95 (0.16) |
| Second-line HS | 1 (4) | NA | 40.00 (29.65–50.35) | NA | ||
| Stress | Front-line HS | 2 (18) | 46.0% to 93.7% | 69.68 (23.23–100) | 99.2 | – |
| Second-line HS | – | – | – | – |
NA = not available, CI = confidence interval, I2 = heterogeneity, HS = Hospital staff, Q = Cochran's Q test of group differences.