Table 3.

Reference scale and performance reference points for all quantitative indicators, adopted from Gompf et al. (2020)

Category	Indicator	Unit	Reference scale and performance reference points
			− 2	− 1	0	1	2
Local Community
Public space
	Green and open space per capita	$\frac{[m^2]}{\mathit{inhabitants}}$	0–5	5–10	10–25	25–50	> 50
Air quality
	Emission intensity of NOx	$\frac{N{O}_x[mg]}{\mathit{Pkm}}$	> 1000	475–1000	50–475	1–50	0–1
	Emission intensity of PM10	$\frac{PM10[mg]}{\mathit{Pkm}}$	> 20	15–20	10–15	5–10	0–5
	Emission intensity of PM2.5	$\frac{PM2.5[mg]}{\mathit{Pkm}}$	> 20	15–20	10–15	5–10	0–5
	Emission intensity of SO2	$\frac{S{O}_2[mg]}{\mathit{Pkm}}$	> 1	0.75–1	0.5–0.75	0.25–0.5	0–0.25
Employment
	Percentage of employees hired	[%]	>  − 10	− 10 to − 5	− 5 to + 5	5–10	< 10
Noise pollution
	Noise pollution greater than 65 dB	[%]	> 20	10–20	1–10	0.1–1	0
	Average emissions of noise	$\frac{[c{m}^2]}{\mathit{Pkm}}$	> 20	10–20	1–10	0.1–1	0
Space occupancy
	Infrastructure efficiency	$\frac{[m^2]}{\mathit{Pkm}}*$	> 1	0.75–1	0.5–0.75	0.25–0.5	0–0.25
	Infrastructure space occupancy	[%]	> 50	10–50	1–10	0.1–1	0–0.1
	Space occupancy in relation to green and open space	[%]	> 50	10–50	1–10	0.1–1	0–0.1
Consumers
Accessibility
	Number of transport points	Count	< 50	50–100	100–500	500–1000	> 1000
	Number of passengers	Count (in millions)	< 10	10–100	100–250	250–500	> 500
Safety
	Fatal and non-fatal traffic accidents	Accidents/million pkm	> 2.0	1.0–2.0	0.5–1.0	0.1–0.5	0–0.1
Convenience
	Punctuality of deliveries	[%]	< 80	80–90	90–95	95–99	100
Affordability
	Trip fare	€	> 4.5	3.5–4.5	2.5–3.5	1.5–2.5	0–1.5
Worker
Safety
	Fatal and non-fatal injuries	Injuries/1000 employees	> 60	45–60	30–45	15–30	0–15
Fair salary
	Minimum wage paid	[%]	> 80	80–90	90–95	95–99	100
Value Chain Actors
Promoting social responsibility
	Percentage of audited suppliers	[%]	0–20	20–40	40–60	60–80	80–100
Society
Health
	GWP100 [CO2 equiv.]	[g/pkm]	> 160	120–160	80–120	40–80	0–40
	Acidification potential [SO2 equiv.]	[mg/pkm]	> 400	300–400	200–300	100–200	0–100
	Eutrophication potential [PO4 equiv.]	[mg/pkm]	> 100	75–100	50–75	25–50	0–25
Tax income
	Taxes per pkm	[€/pkm]	0–0.02	0.02–0.04	0.04–0.06	0.06–0.08	> 0.08

*Indicator values × 1000 for reference scale