Extended Data Fig. 7. Time-tree phylogeny of Avemetatarsalia, estimated using the ‘mbl’ branch-length estimation and reconstructed according to the ‘all rates different’ (ARD) evolutionary model.

The likelihood values for model parameters are shown in Extended Data Table 2. The different categories of integumentary structures represent: scales, monofilaments, brush-like filaments, tufts of filaments joined basally, open pennaceous vane lacking secondary branching and closed pennaceous feathers comprising a rachis-like structure associated with lateral branches (see material and methods in the main text for more details). Tupandactylus silhouette by Evan Boucher from www.phylopic.org. Silhouettes of integumentary appendages are reproduced from ref. ². (Fig. 3).