Table 1.
Correlations between perfusion patterns and baseline characteristics, imaging findings, and outcomes
| Characteristic | Normal perfusion N = 25 |
Compensated perfusion N = 31 |
Hypoperfusion N = 47 |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) | 71 (63–79.5) | 71 (60–77) | 70 (61–78) | 0.828 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 12 (48%) | 12 (39%) | 19 (40%) | 0.758 |
| Stroke risk factors | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 13 (52%) | 16 (52%) | 31 (66%) | 0.348 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 21 (84%) | 25 (81%) | 43 (91%) | 0.362 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 14 (56%) | 14 (45%) | 29 (62%) | 0.355 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 2 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (6%) | 0.308 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 2 (8%) | 2 (6%) | 2 (4%) | 0.799 |
| Previous antiplatelet use, n (%) | 4 (16%) | 2 (6%) | 8 (17%) | 0.379 |
| Vital signs and laboratory data | ||||
| SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 173 ± 35 | 179 ± 34 | 186 ± 33 | 0.283 |
| DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 98 ± 19 | 102 ± 16 | 104 ± 20 | 0.424 |
| Sugar (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 132 (114–161) | 145 (120–197) | 139 (111–207) | 0.345 |
| Creatinine clearance (cc/min), mean ± SD a | 62 ± 22 | 73 ± 31 | 73 ± 28 | 0.215 |
| Total cholesterol(mg/dL), mean ± SD | 182 ± 37 | 180 ± 41 | 188 ± 43 | 0.698 |
| Stroke information | ||||
| Baseline NIHSS, median (IQR) | 3 (2–4.5) | 4 (4–6) | 5 (3–6) | 0.048 |
| NIHSS score on 3rd day, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (2–6) | 4 (3–7) | 0.002 |
| END (NIHSS > 2), n (%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (23%) | 15 (32%) | 0.007 |
| Initial infarct volume(ml), median (IQR) | 0.39 (0.23–0.78) | 0.81 (0.6–1.47) | 1.01 (0.44–2.35) | < 0.001 |
| Final infarct volume (ml), median (IQR) | 0.85 (0.38–1.47) | 1.06 (0.70–2.14) | 1.80 (0.81–2.64) | 0.029 |
| mRS at 3 months, median (IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 0.412 |
| mRS ≧ 3 at 3 months, n (%) | 6 (24.0%) | 6 (19.4%) | 17 (36.2%) | 0.235 |
| Neuroimaging information | ||||
| Onset-MRI duration (hour), median (IQR) | 16.0 (9.9–21.1) | 14.8 (6.8–22.3) | 19.4 (13.1–23.0) | 0.199 |
| Brainstem, n (%) | 9 (36%) | 2 (6%) | 10 (21%) | 0.024 |
| Branch atheromatous disease, n (%) | 6 (24%) | 15 (48%) | 26 (55%) | 0.037 |
| rCBF, median (IQR) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 0.76 (0.52–0.89) | 0.63 (0.43–0.81) | < 0.001 |
| rCBV, median (IQR) | 1.01 (0.91–1.20) | 0.92 (0.76–1.05) | 0.77 (0.56–0.97) | 0.001 |
| rMTT, median (IQR) | 1.01 (0.97–1.12) | 1.72 (1.22–2.18) | 1.51 (1.12–2.26) | < 0.001 |
| Anterograde collaterals, n (%) | 25 (100%) | 21 (68%) | 19 (40%) | < 0.001 |
| Retrograde collaterals, n (%) | 25 (100%) | 26 (84%) | 31 (66%) | 0.002 |
| WMH scores of periventricular area, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.872 |
| WMH scores of basal ganglia, median (IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.068 |
| EPVS scores of centrum semiovale, median (IQR) | 2 (2–2) | 2 (2–2) | 2 (2–3) | 0.890 |
| EPVS scores of basal ganglia, median (IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (2–2) | 0.171 |
| Lacune at centrum semiovale, n (%) | 5 (20.0%) | 8 (25.8%) | 11 (23.4%) | 0.877 |
| Lacune at basal ganglia, n (%) | 14 (56.0%) | 15 (48.4%) | 30 (63.8%) | 0.398 |
| CMBs at lobar areas, n (%) b | 3 (14%) | 6 (24%) | 7 (20%) | 0.667 |
| CMBs at deep areas, n (%) b | 3 (13.6%) | 7 (28.0%) | 8 (22.9%) | 0.487 |
| CMBs at infratentorial areas, n (%) b | 5 (22.7%) | 4 (16.0%) | 5 (14.3%) | 0.701 |
a Creatinine clearance was estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation
b CMB data was unavailable in 21 patients
CMBs, cerebral microbleeds; END, early neurological deterioration; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IQR, interquartile range; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation