Table 2.
Correlations between the collateral patterns and the baseline characteristics, imaging findings, and outcomes
| Characteristics | Anterograde N = 30 |
No anterograde N = 48 |
p | Retrograde N = 57 |
No retrograde N = 21 |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) | 70 (59.5–75.3) | 71 (61–78.8) | 0.385 | 70 (60.5–76.5) | 71 (61–78.5) | 0.701 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 10 (33%) | 21 (44%) | 0.360 | 21 (37%) | 10 (48%) | 0.388 |
| Stroke risk factors | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 15(50%) | 32 (67%) | 0.143 | 33 (58%) | 14 (67%) | 0.483 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 23 (77%) | 45 (94%) | 0.039 | 49 (86%) | 19 (90%) | 0.721 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 17 (57%) | 26 (54%) | 0.829 | 31 (54%) | 12 (57%) | 0.828 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 2 (7%) | 2 (4%) | 0.626 | 4 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.569 |
| Previous antiplatelet use, n (%) | 4 (13%) | 6 (13%) | 1.000 | 7 (12%) | 3 (14%) | 1.000 |
| Vital signs and laboratory data | ||||||
| SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 176 ± 33 | 188 ± 33 | 0.143 | 187 ± 35 | 171 ± 25 | 0.031 |
| DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 103 ± 18 | 104 ± 19 | 0.828 | 106 ± 18 | 96 ± 16 | 0.020 |
| Sugar (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 137 (117–174) | 157 (118–214) | 0.386 | 139 (113–213) | 154 (127–178) | 0.800 |
| Creatinine clearance (cc/min), mean ± SD a | 76 ± 32 | 71 ± 27 | 0.457 | 74 ± 27 | 71 ± 34 | 0.687 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 188 ± 43 | 183 ± 41 | 0.628 | 184 ± 37 | 186 ± 54 | 0.842 |
| Stroke information | ||||||
| Baseline NIHSS, median (IQR) | 4 (3–6) | 5 (3–6) | 0.520 | 5 (3.5–6) | 4 (2.5–7) | 0.833 |
| NIHSS score on 3rd day, median (IQR) | 3.5 (2–6) | 4 (2.25–6) | 0.446 | 4 (2.5–6) | 4 (2–6) | 0.382 |
| END (NIHSS > 2), n (%) | 8 (27%) | 14 (29%) | 0.811 | 19 (33%) | 3 (14%) | 0.155 |
| Initial infarct volume (ml), median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.55–1.78) | 0.96 (0.48–1.73) | 0.869 | 0.81 (0.43–1.45) | 1.34 (0.62–3.2) | 0.031 |
| Final infarct volume (ml), median (IQR) | 1.52 (0.67–3.00) | 1.21 (0.79–2.47) | 0.728 | 1.27 (0.72–2.49) | 1.28 (0.82–3.35) | 0.452 |
| mRS at 3 months (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 0.755 | 1 (0–3) | 0 (0–3) | 0.141 |
| mRS≧3 at 3 months, n (%) | 10 (33.3%) | 13 (27.1%) | 0.556 | 17 (29.8%) | 6 (28.6%) | 0.914 |
| Neuroimaging information | ||||||
| Onset-MRI duration (hour), median (IQR) | 12.6 (6.8–21.9) | 20.2 (13.2–23.0) | 0.020 | 16.7 (10.4–22.4) | 21.1 (10.8–23.0) | 0.600 |
| Branch atheromatous disease | 17 (57%) | 24 (50%) | 0.566 | 28 (49%) | 13 (62%) | 0.316 |
| Brainstem, n (%) | 1 (3%) | 11 (23%) | 0.024 | 8 (14%) | 4 (19%) | 0.724 |
| rCBF, median (IQR) | 0.69 (0.49–0.95) | 0.66 (0.43–0.81) | 0.408 | 0.65 (0.46–0.86) | 0.70 (0.39–0.82) | 0.787 |
| rCBV, median (IQR) | 0.91 (0.77–1.10) | 0.77 (0.58–0.97) | 0.024 | 0.84 (0.66–1.04) | 0.86 (0.58–0.99) | 0.669 |
| rMTT, median (IQR) | 1.93 (1.37–2.75) | 1.34 (1.12–1.99) | 0.016 | 1.71 (1.12–2.24) | 1.52 (1.06–2.35) | 0.702 |
| WMH scores of periventricular area (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.888 | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.208 |
| WMH scores of basal ganglia (IQR) | 2 (1–2.25) | 2 (1–2) | 0.931 | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.925 |
| EPVS scores of centrum semiovale (IQR) | 2 (1.75–3) | 2 (2–3) | 0.894 | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–2.5) | 0.356 |
| EPVS scores of basal ganglia (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) | 0.420 | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) | 0.379 |
| Lacune at centrum semiovale, n (%) | 7 (23.3%) | 12 (25.0%) | 0.868 | 15 (26.3%) | 4 (19.0%) | 0.507 |
| Lacune at basal ganglia, n (%) | 16 (53.3%) | 29 (60.4%) | 0.538 | 33 (57.9%) | 12 (57.1%) | 0.952 |
| CMBs at lobar areas, n (%) b | 9 (33%) | 4 (12%) | 0.063 | 13 (30%) | 0 (0%) | 0.013 |
| CMBs at deep areas, n (%) b | 13 (48.1%) | 7 (21.2%) | 0.028 | 16 (36.4%) | 4 (25.0%) | 0.541 |
| CMBs at infratentorial area, n (%) b | 4 (14.8%) | 5 (15.2%) | 1.000 | 8 (18.2%) | 1 (6.3%) | 0.422 |
a Creatinine clearance was estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation
b CMB data was unavailable in 18 patients
CMBs, cerebral microbleeds; END, early neurological deterioration; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IQR, interquartile range; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation