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. 2021 Oct 28;27(2):803–818. doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01361-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — In response to injury, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are released, and an innate immune response characterized by glial activation and infiltration of blood-borne immune cells into the brain occurs. The activation and infiltration of peripheral immune cells lead to secondary brain injury, further destroying brain tissue and poor recovery. Figure made with Biorender.com.