Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics.
| No CAN, N = 170 | Definite CAN, N = 88 | No CAN estimation N=44 | p-value (no CAN vs. CAN) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male), (n/%) | 76 (46) | 45 (54) | 24 (57) | 0.3 |
| Age (years) | 55 (48, 62) | 55 (49, 60) | 60 (52, 66) | 0.7 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 62 (55, 67) | 64 (59, 73) | 61 (53, 69) | 0.002 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.80 (7.20, 8.30) | 8.05 (7.57, 8.83) | 7.70 (7.03, 8.47) | 0.002 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.2 (22.2, 26.9) | 24.0 (22.3, 26.2) | 23.8 (21.9, 26.1) | 0.7 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128 (118, 141) | 131 (120, 147) | 130 (114, 137) | 0.10 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73 (68, 79) | 73 (68, 80) | 74 (68, 78) | >0.9 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 37 (31, 45) | 40 (35, 48) | 43 (38, 51) | 0.026 |
| Smoking (n%) | 26 (16%) | 20 (24%) | 10 (24%) | 0.2 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 87 (75, 101) | 62 (43, 84) | 83 (61, 104) | <0.001 |
| Urinary albumin excretion rate (mg/24-hour) | 10 (6, 23) | 56 (14, 432) | 11 (6, 54) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.55 (4.18, 5.10) | 4.50 (4.00, 4.90) | 4.55 (4.12, 5.10) | 0.10 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.69 (1.39, 2.08) | 1.54 (1.27, 1.86) | 1.67 (1.39, 2.09) | 0.013 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.30 (1.90, 2.73) | 2.30 (1.90, 2.70) | 2.30 (2.00, 2.95) | 0.9 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.24) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.23) | 0.81 (0.67, 1.07) | 0.048 |
| Diuretic (n/%) | 65 (40) | 68 (81) | 22 (52) | <0.001 |
| RAAS blocker (n/%) | 68 (42) | 7 (8.3) | 15 (36) | <0.001 |
| Statins (n/%) | 90 (55) | 67 (80) | 21 (50) | <0.001 |
| Pathological E/I ratio (n/%) | 27 (1) | 82 (98) | 21 (64) | <0.001 |
| Pathological 30/15 ratio (n/%) | 14 (8,7) | 74 (88) | 6 (21) | <0.001 |
| Pathological Valsalva (n/%) | 4 (3) | 42 (79) | 1 (33) | <0.001 |
| E/I ratio | 1.17 (1.12, 1.28) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.16) | <0.001 |
| 30/15 ratio | 1.10 (1.06, 1.17) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | 61 (53, 69) | <0.001 |
| Valsalva maneuver | 1.52 (1.36, 1.78) | 1.16 (1.11, 1.27) | 1.48 (1.32, 1.64) | <0.001 |
| SDNN (ms) | 30 (20, 42) | 10 (7, 15) | 20 (13, 33) | <0.001 |
| Resting heart rate (beats/minute) | 65 (58, 73) | 74 (68, 84) | 68 (59, 78) | <0.001 |
Data are in medians (IQR) or n (%). eGFR, Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73m2); RAAS, Renin angiotensin aldosterone system; CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Wilcoxon rank sum test; Chi-squared test.