Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the studied population.
| Variance | Overall | Group (cfPWV/CBP) | Group (cfPWV) | Group (CBP) | Group (control) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 1,280 | N = 106 | N = 92 | N = 286 | N = 771 | ||
| Age (years) | 53.14 ± 12.76 | 61.65 ± 11.43bcd | 66.88 ± 10.62acd | 52.04 ± 11.46ab | 50.75 ± 11.93 ab | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 820 | 68 (64.2%) | 63 (68.5%) | 182 (63.6%) | 493 (63.9%) | |
| Female | 460 | 38 (35.8%) | 29 (31.5%) | 104 (36.4%) | 278 (36.1%) | 0.851 |
| Height (cm) | 167.38 ± 8.24 | 167.09 ± 8.39 | 166.36 ± 7.88 | 166.78 ± 8.68 | 167.80 ± 7.98 | 0.164 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 25.35 ± 3.96 | 25.58 ± 4.05 | 25.13 ± 3.44c | 26.34 ± 3.91bd | 24.93 ± 3.86c | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.07cd | 0.98 ± 0.09cd | 0.94 ± 0.08ab | 0.93 ± 0.08ab | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||
| Smoking history, n (%) | 215 (16.8%) | 17/106 (16.0%) | 14/92 (15.2%) | 45/286 (15.7%) | 139/771 (18.0%) | 0.763 |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 394 (30.8%) | 44/106 (41.5%) | 32/92 (34.8%) | 91/286 (31.8%) | 224/771 (29.1%) | 0.057 |
| Serum uric acid (umol/L) | 365.01 ± 96.34 | 378.48 ± 91.99 | 364.61 ± 91.54 | 373.61 ± 99.86 | 360.33 ± 96.04 | 0.118 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.93 ± 1.61 | 2.02 ± 1.21 | 1.80 ± 1.23 | 2.18 ± 2.16d | 1.85 ± 1.46c | 0.006 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.80 ± 1.07 | 4.85 ± 1.05b | 4.49 ± 0.97acd | 4.90 ± 1.22b | 4.80 ± 1.03b | 0.027 |
| HDL-c (mmo/L) | 1.15 ± 0.35 | 1.11 ± 0.23 | 1.17 ± 0.49 | 1.11 ± 0.31d | 1.16 ± 0.36c | 0.104 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 3.13 ± 0.80 | 3.15 ± 0.80b | 2.90 ± 0.74acd | 3.16 ± 0.84b | 3.14 ± 0.80b | 0.053 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 5.79 ± 1.77 | 6.44 ± 2.31cd | 6.44 ± 2.54cd | 5.81 ± 1.71ab | 5.61 ± 1.56ab | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.16 ± 1.22 | 6.71 ± 1.66cd | 6.60 ± 1.16cd | 6.10 ± 1.21ab | 6.03 ± 1.11ab | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (beat/min) | 69.31 ± 10.52 | 71.92 ± 9.99 cd | 71.57 ± 9.92 cd | 68.63 ± 10.98 ab | 66.84 ± 10.21 ab | 0.003 |
| cf-PWV (m/s) | 8.24 ± 2.02 | 11.94 ± 1.35 cd | 11.77 ± 1.70 cd | 8.30 ± 1.02abd | 7.30 ± 1.19abc | <0.001 |
| Peripheral blood pressure | ||||||
| pSBP (mmHg) | 130.73 ± 18.63 | 155.94 ± 14.70bcd | 130.86 ± 9.83acd | 149.16 ± 11.24abd | 120.30 ± 12.29abc | <0.001 |
| pDBP (mmHg) | 76.71 ± 11.97 | 86.82 ± 11.11bd | 71.95 ± 8.03ac | 88.37 ± 10.14bd | 71.54 ± 8.76ac | <0.001 |
| p-MAP (mmHg) | 94.72 ± 13.10 | 109.86 ± 9.69bd | 91.58 ± 7.22acd | 108.64 ± 8.32bd | 87.80 ± 9.00abc | <0.001 |
| Central blood pressure | ||||||
| cAIx | 28.71 ± 13.17 | 30.87 ± 9.85bd | 25.18 ± 12.47ac | 32.66 ± 11.45bd | 27.53 ± 13.81ac | <0.001 |
| cAIx@HR75 | 25.25 ± 11.86 | 29.34 ± 8.66 bd | 23.39 ± 12.28 ac | 28.75 ± 9.32 bd | 23.71 ± 12.58 ac | <0.001 |
| cSBP (mmHg) | 119.69 ± 17.95 | 143.43 ± 13.82bcd | 117.49 ± 8.52acd | 138.73 ± 11.04abd | 109.58 ± 11.16abc | <0.001 |
| cDBP (mmHg) | 77.82 ± 12.11 | 88.25 ± 11.26bd | 72.92 ± 8.21ac | 89.64 ± 10.14bd | 72.55 ± 8.82ac | <0.001 |
| c-MAP (mmHg) | 95.53 ± 13.95 | 111.46 ± 10.80bd | 91.41 ± 7.93acd | 110.54 ± 8.77bd | 88.24 ± 9.45abc | <0.001 |
| CAVIo | 2.260 ± 1.090 | 3.729 ± 1.689 bcd | 4.527 ± 1.546 acd | 1.816 ± 0.531 ab | 1.952 ± 0.532 ab | <0.001 |
| Target organ parameters | ||||||
| eGFR [mL/(min 1.73 m2)] | 90.28 ± 16.95 | 81.89 ± 20.73bcd | 86.91 ± 19.70acd | 90.50 ± 16.51a | 91.76 ± 15.55ab | <0.001 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 103.60 ± 26.59 | 118.23 ± 31.11 cd | 114.57 ± 28.14 d | 110.21 ± 25.84ad | 98.39 ± 24.12abc | <0.001 |
| CIMT (mm) | 0.74 ± 0.14 | 0.81 ± 0.18 cd | 0.80 ± 0.15cd | 0.74 ± 0.14ab | 0.73 ± 0.13ab | <0.001 |
| Log ACR (mg/mmol) | 0.39 ± 0.37 | 0.52 ± 0.43d | 0.54 ± 0.56 d | 0.44 ± 0.44 d | 0.34 ± 0.29 abc | 0.020 |
| Target organ damage | ||||||
| LVH (n, %) | 308/853 (36.1%) | 35/65 (53.8%)d | 41/68 (60.3%)cd | 70/156 (44.9%)bd | 153/548 (27.9%)acb | <0.001 |
| CIMT abnormality (n, %) | 394/804 (49.0%) | 50/71 (70.4%)cd | 51/66 (77.3%)cd | 75/162 (46.3%)ab | 211/493 (42.8%)ab | <0.001 |
| ACR abnormality (n, %) | 134/766 (17.5%) | 19/49 (38.8%)bd | 11/60 (18.3%)ac | 43/134 (32.1%)bd | 56/512 (10.9%)ac | <0.001 |
| CKD (n, %) | 37/1,213 (3.1%) | 11/102 (10.8%)cd | 4/90 (4.4%) | 8/270 (3.0%)a | 13/730 (1.8%)a | <0.001 |
Groups by cfPWV and CBP status: Group (cfPWV/CBP): high cfPWV and high CBP; Group (cfPWV): high cfPWV and normal CBP; Group (CBP): normal cfPWV and high CBP; Group (control) : normal cfPWV and normal CBP.
Data are mean ± SD or as stated. P-value: independent t-test ANOVA for numeric variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein c; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein c; FBG, fasting blood glucose; pSBP, peripheral systolic blood pressure; pDBP, peripheral diastolic blood pressure; p-MAP, peripheral mean arterial pressure; cCSBP, central systolic blood pressure; cDBP, central diastolic blood pressure; c-MAP, central mean arterial pressure; cAIx, central augmentation index; cAIx@HR75, cAIx adjusted to the heart rate of 75 bpm. cfPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. CAVIo, cardio-ankle vascular index. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVMI, left ventricular myopathy index; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; ACR, albumin–creatinine ratio; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
Superscripts a, b, c, and d stand for significant difference with Group (cfPWV/CBP), Group (cfPWV), Group (CBP), and Group (control), respectively.
The bold values represent the values that are statistically significant (P < 0.05).