Table 1.
Indications for neuromonitoring and new neurological manifestations in non-critically ill patients with COVID-19.
| References | Indications for neuromonitoring | New neurologic manifestations investigated with neuromonitoring tools |
|---|---|---|
| Ayub et al. (24) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Altered mental status n = 24, cardiac arrest n = 2, possible seizures n = 11 |
| Bellavia et al. (25) | Exploratory reasons | / |
| Besnard et al. (26) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Confusion n=14, n=13 epileptic seizures, altered mental status n=5, delayed awakening n=6, hallucination/behavioral problems n=2, AIS n=1, meningoencephalitis n=1 |
| Cecchetti et al. (27) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Transient loss of consciousness n=5, seizure/spasm n=5, delirium n=3, coma n=5 |
| Corazza et al. (28) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Altered mental status n=19, seizures n=8 |
| Galantopou et al. (29) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Altered mental status n=20, confusion n=1, gaze deviation n=2, seizure-like events n=12 |
| Karahan et al. (30) | Exploratory reasons | / |
| Lambreq et al. (31) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Delirium n=24, seizures n=22, delayed awakening n=17 |
| Lin et al. (32) | Suspicion of brain involvement | To exclude nonconvulsive seizures/non-convulsive status epilepticus as a potential etiology of altered mental status, to monitor for continuing subclinical seizures after witnessed clinical seizures in patients; for monitoring the response to therapy for seizures, monitoring sedation levels, or for prognostication in the others |
| Louis et al. (33) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Seizure-like events n=5, altered mental status n=17 |
| Marcic et al. (34) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Non-specific neurological symptoms such as headache, loss of sense of smell and taste, dizziness, and weakness |
| Pasini et al. (35) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Suspected COVID-19 related encephalopathy |
| Pastor et al. (36) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Clinical alterations of awareness or cognitive state n=20 |
| Pellinen et al. (37) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Seizure-like events n=42, persistent encephalopathy n=72, seizure n=10, n=25 paroxysmal activity, n=11 prognostication after cardiac arrest |
| Petrescu et al. (38) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Delayed/inadequate awakens n=8, dysexecutive syndrome n=2, confusion n=9, fluctuating alertness n=10, myoclonus n=1, seizure n=3, unreactive mydriasis n=1, cardiac arrest n=1, nystagmus n=1 |
| Saez-Landete et al. (39) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Indications for EEG studies included confusion, agitation, and disorientation in n=5, suspicious of epileptic seizures with disorientation and aggressiveness in n=1 |
| Santos da Lima et al. (40) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Indications for EEG studies included evaluation of unexplained encephalopathy and suspicious of seizures |
| Skorin et al. (41) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Unexplained loss of consciousness without major abnormalities on blood tests and/or neuroimaging. Seizures or suspicious events were also indication |
| Sonkaya et al. (4) | Exploratory reasons | / |
| Waters et al. (42) | Suspicion of brain involvement | Hyperkinetic movements n = 30, altered mental status n = 22, persistent coma n = 23, prognostication after cardiac arrest and other reasons n = 4 |
EEG, electroencephalography; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.