Table 3.
The Comparison of Configural, Metric, Scalar, and Partial Scalar Invariance Models by Country.
| Goodness-of-fit | Model comparison | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBχ2(df) | p | RMSEA | 90% CI | CFI | SRMR | Ref. model | ΔSBχ2(df) | p | ΔRMSEA | ΔCFI | ΔSRMR | |
| M1: Configural | 35.266(18) | .009 | .042 | [.020, .062] | .997 | .012 | ||||||
| M2: Metric | 87.445(42) | .000 | .044 | [.031, .057] | .993 | .048 | M1 | 52.425(24) | .001 | .002 | −.004 | .036 |
| M3: Scalar | 355.423(66) | .000 | .089 | [.080, .098] | .955 | .056 | M2 | 284.009(24) | <.001 | .045 | −.038 | .008 |
| M4: Partial scalar | 141.693(58) | .000 | .051 | [.040, .062] | .987 | .049 | M2 | 56.511(16) | <.001 | .007 | −.006 | .001 |
Note. Ref. model = reference model; ΔSBχ2, ΔCFI, and ΔRMSEA = change in fit indices between contiguous nested models; SBχ2 = Satorra–Bentler scaled chi-square test statistic; df = degrees of freedom; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; CI = confidence interval; CFI = comparative fit index; SRMR = standardized root mean square residual.