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. 2022 Apr 14;16:848602. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.848602

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Sleep timing indices by circadian hygiene education group and by chronotype, over time and in relation to relevant 2020 events. Get-up time (A) and latency between wake-up and get-up time (B) in the “A regular life” (red circles; n = 30 at each time point) and the “Bright days and dark nights” (blue squares; n = 28 at each time point) groups. Differences were significant up to August 2020, that is T10 [get-up time: F(5,365) = 17.0, p time < 0.0001 (ηp2 = 0.189), F(1, 73) = 4.2, p intervention = 0.042 (ηp2 = 0.055), F(5,365) = 1.2, p interaction n.s. (ηp2 = n.s.); latency: F(5,365) = 2.1, p time = 0.06 (ηp2 = n.s.), F(1, 73) = 5.9, p intervention = 0.02 (ηp2 = 0.075), F(5,365) = 1.7, p interaction n.s. (ηp2 = n.s.)] and were abolished/reduced when October 2020 (T12), which coincided with the week after the transition from daylight saving time (DST) to standard time (ST), was included [get-up time: F(6,336) = 11.9, p time < 0.0001, F(1, 56) = 2.4, p intervention n.s.; F(6,336) = 1.5, p interaction n.s.; latency: F(6,336) = 0.9, p time n.s., F(1, 56) = 3.1, p intervention = 0.08; F(6,336) = 2.0, p interaction n.s.]. Midsleep on study days (C) in definitely morning (light gray circles), morning (gray squares), evening (dark gray diamonds), and definitely evening (black triangles) chronotypes [F(3,345) = 5.3, p time < 0.001, F(3, 69) = 4.0, p chronotype < 0.005, F(15, 345) = 1.2, p interaction n.s., at T10; F(6,312) = 4.7, p time < 0.001, F(3, 52) = 5.6, p chronotype < 0.005, F(18, 312) = 0.9, p interaction n.s., at T12]. Values are expressed as means ± 95% confidence intervals. n.s., not statistically significant.