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. 2022 Apr 20:dyac076. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyac076

Table 1.

The characteristics of the included Mendelian randomization studies of factors on COVID-19 outcomes [(A) severity, (B) hospitalization, (C) susceptibility]

Study (author, year) Study design Category Exposure (unit) Outcomes (log odds) [(A) severity, (B) hospitalization, (C) susceptibility] Source of outcome Ethnicity of exposure Ethnicity of outcome
Anisul M 2021 Two-sample Druggable targets pQTL (SD) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R4 European European
Au Yeung SL 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers, predisposition to diseases 2-h glucose (mmol/L), fasting glucose (mmol/L), HbA1c (%), type 2 diabetes (log odds) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R4 European Mixed*
Aung N 2020 One-sample and two-sample Biomarkers BMI (4.7 kg/m2), BMI-adjusted waist circumference (13.4 cm), SBP (per 20.5 mmHg), fasting glucose (1.2 mmol/L), HbA1c (6.3 mmol/mol), LDL cholesterol (0.87 mmol/L), HDL cholesterol (0.38 mmol/L), triglycerides (1 mmol/L) C UKB and COVID-19 HGI R2 European European (UKB), mixed* (COVID-19 HGI)
Bovijn J 2020 Two-sample Biomarkers IL-6 receptor inhibitor (0.1 SD lower CRP) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R3 European Mixed*
Bovijn J 2021—Reply Two-sample Biomarkers IL-6 receptor inhibitor (0.1 SD lower CRP) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R3 and 4 European Mixed*
Butler-Laporte G 2021 Two-sample Druggable targets Angiotensin-converting enzyme (SD decrease) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R3 Mixed* European
Butler-Laporte G 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers 25OHD (log nmol/L) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R4 European European
Cai G 2021 Two-sample Druggable targets Protein expression (SD) A, C UKB, Ellinghaus et al. GWAS European European
Clift AK 2021 One-sample Lifestyle attributes Smoking initiation, smoking heaviness (SD) A, B, C UKB European European
Cui Z 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers 25OHD (log nmol/L) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R5 European European
Fadista J 2021 Two-sample Predisposition to disease Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (log odds) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R4 European Mixed*
Fan X 2021 One-sample Lifestyle attributes Being a frequent drinker (log odds), weekly alcohol consumption A, B, C UKB Mixed* Mixed*
Freuer D 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers BMI (SD), waist circumference (SD), trunk fat ratio (SD) B, C COVID-19 HGI R3 European Mixed*
Gaziano L 2021 Two-sample Druggable targets eQTL (SD), pQTL (SD) B COVID-19 HGI R4 and MVP Mixed Mixed
Gordon DE 2020 Two-sample Druggable targets Soluble interleukin 17 receptor A (SD) B, C COVID-19 HGI R3 Mixed* Mixed*
Hernández Cordero AI 2021 Two-sample Druggable targets eQTL in lung and blood (SD), pQTL in blood (SD) A, C COVID-19 HGI R4 Mixed* (eQTL), European (pQTL) Mixed*
Hilser JR 2021 One-sample and two-sample Biomarkers HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) A, B, C UKB and Ellinghaus et al. GWAS European Mixed*
Hui LL 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers Vitamin C A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R5 European European
Larsson SC 2021 Two-sample Druggable targets IL-6 receptor inhibitor (0.1 SD lower CRP) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R4 and Ellinghaus et al. GWAS European Mixed*
Larsson SC 2021 Two-sample Predisposition to diseases Allergic disease (log odds) B, C COVID-19 HGI R4 European European
Leong A 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers, predisposition to diseases

  • BMI (kg/m2), CRP, DBP (mmHg), SBP (mmHg), waist–hip ratio—BMI-adjusted, fasting glucose—BMI-adjusted (mg/dl), fasting insulin—BMI-adjusted (natural log), creatinine-based eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), HbA1c (%), HDL cholesterol (mmol/L), LDL cholesterol (mmol/L), triglycerides (mmol/L)

  • Coronary artery disease, any stroke, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease (log odds)

 A, C COVID-19 HGI R4 European or mixed* European
Li GHY 2021 Two-sample Socio-demographic factors Education attainment (year), intelligence (SD) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R5 European European
Li M 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers Cytokines (SD) C COVID-19 HGI R5 European European
Li S 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers, lifestyle attributes BMI (SD); lifetime smoking index (SD), accelerometer-measured physical activity (SD), alcohol consumption per week (SD) A, B COVID-19 HGI R4 European Mixed*
Li X 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers 25OHD (SD) C UKB European European
Liu D 2021 Two-sample Druggable targets eQTL in blood and lung (SD) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R3 Mixed* Mixed*
Liu D 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers 25OHD (log nmol/L) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R3 and Ellinghaus et al. GWAS European Mixed*
Liu N 2021 Two-sample Predisposition to disease ADHD, bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, schizophrenia (log odds) A, B COVID-19 HGI R5 European European
Lorincz-Comi N 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers, predisposition to disease

  • BMI (kg/m2), DBP (mmHg), SBP (mmHg), PP (mmHg)

  • type 2 diabetes (log odds)

 B COVID-19 HGI R3 and 4 European European and mixed*
Luykx JJ 2021 Two-sample Predisposition to disease Alzheimer's dementia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, combined bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (log odds) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R4 and 5 European Mixed*
Ong JS 2021 Two-sample Predisposition to diseases Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (log odds) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R5 European European
Pairo-Castineira E 2021 Two-sample Druggable targets eQTL of IFNAR2, IFNAR1, IL6R, JAK1, CTSL, IFNGR2, CSF3 (SD) A GenOMICC, COVID-19 HGI R2, 23andMe, UKB European European
Patchen BK 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers 25OHD (SD of log), vitamin D deficiency (log odds), vitamin D insufficiency (log odds) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R4 European Mixed*
Ponsford MJ 2020 Two-sample Biomarkers, lifestyle attributes, predisposition to diseases BMI (SD), SBP (SD), LDL cholesterol (mmol/L); lifetime smoking index (SD); type 2 diabetes (log odds) B, C Ellinghaus et al. GWAS and COVID-19 HGI R3 European European and mixed*
Qiu S 2021 Two-sample Predisposition to diseases Alzheimer’s disease (log odds) C COVID-19 HGI R5 European European
Qiu S 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers Blood metabolites C COVID-19 HGI R4 European European
Rao S 2021 Two-sample Lifestyle attributes

  • Smoking (cigarettes per day, cigarette pack-years, age of smoking initiation, ever regular vs never smokers, smoker vs non-smokers, ever vs never smokers)

  • Drinking (drinks per week, drinks per day)

 A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R5 European European
Richardson TG 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers, lifestyle attributes, druggable targets BMI, waist–hip ratio adjusted for BMI, childhood adiposity age 10, SBP, DBP, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, ApoA1, ApoB; liability to lifetime smoking; pQTL (SD) A Ellinghaus et al. GWAS European European
Rosoff DB 2021 Two-sample Lifestyle attributes Lifetime smoking index (SD), cannabis use, cannabis use disorder (log odds), drinks per week, alcohol use disorder (log odds) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R5 European European
Sun Y 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers Basophil, basophil % of white cells, eosinophil, eosinophil % of white cells, lymphocyte, lymphocyte % of white cells, monocyte, monocyte % of white cells, myeloid white cell count, neutrophil, neutrophil % of white cells, WBC A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R4 and R5 European European
The COVID-19 HGI 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers, lifestyle attributes, predisposition to diseases

  • 25OHD, BMI, height, CRP, DBP, SBP, PP, eGFR, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, platelet count, RBC, WBC

  • Smoking initiation (log odds), cigarettes (per day), sleep duration (h)

  • ADHD, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, asthma, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, chronic kidney disease, depression, diabetes, heart failure, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, insomnia symptoms, ischaemic stroke, lupus, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, risk tolerance, schizophrenia (log odds)

 A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R5 European European
Wang K 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers Haematological traits (basophil, eosinophil, hematocrit, haemoglobin, lymphocyte, MCHC, MCH, MCV, monocyte, neutrophil, platelet, RBC, RCDW, WBC), liver function markers (ALT, ALP, AST, GGT, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, total protein), renal function marker (serum creatinine), SD B COVID-19 HGI R4 European European
Wang Q 2021 One-sample Biomarkers Leukocyte telomere length, SD shorter C UKB European European
Yoshikawa M 2021 Two-sample Societal factors Educational attainment (SD, 4.2-year) A COVID-19 HGI R5 European European
Zhang K 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers, predisposition to diseases

  • ApoA1, ApoB, HDL-cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride (SD)

  • Dyslipidemia (log odds)

 A, C COVID-19 HGI R4, UKB, Ellinghaus et al. GWAS European and mixed* European
Zhang X 2020 One-sample Lifestyle attributes Self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, acceleration vector magnitude physical activity C UKB European European
Zhou S 2021 Two-sample Druggable targets pQTL (SD) A, B, C COVID-19 HGI R4 European or mixed* European
Zhou Y 2021 Two-sample Biomarkers Coagulation factors (SD) A, C COVID-19 HGI R5, and Ellinghaus et al. GWAS European Mixed* European
Zhu H 2021 One-sample and two-sample Biomarkers Laboratory assessment A China Wuhan Union Hospital East Asian East Asian
Zuber V 2021 Two-sample Predisposition to diseases Stroke subtypes (ischaemic, cardioembolic, large artery, small artery, log odds) A COVID-19 HGI R5 European European

ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; Alb, albumin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Baso, basophil count; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBil, direct bilirubin; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Eosino, eosinophil count; eQTL, gene expression; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; Hb, haemoglobin; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; Ht, hematocrit; Lym, lymphocyte count; MCH, mean corpuscular haemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; mixed*, mixed (majority of European ancestry); Mono, monocyte count; MVP, Million Veteran Program; Neutro, neutrophil count; Plt, platelet count; PP, pulse pressure; pQTL, protein expression; RBC, red blood cell count; RDW, red cell distribution width; SBP, systolic blood pressure; sCr, serum creatinine; TBil, total bilirubin; The COVID-19 HGI, The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative; TP, total protein; UKB, UK Biobank; WBC, white blood cell count.

The unit of the exposure is per unit increases, unless specified.